The two most common assault rifles in the world are Soviet AK-47 and America M16 . This Cold War-era rifle has been used in major and minor conflicts since the 1960s. They are used by military, police, security forces, revolutionaries, terrorists, criminals and civilians and are likely to continue to be used for decades to come. As a result, they have been the subject of countless comparisons and endless debates.
The AK-47 was completed, adopted and entered service extensively in the Soviet Armed Forces in the early 1950s. Firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability are perfect for the new Soviet Army's mobile war doctrine. More AK-type weapons have been produced from all the other assault rifles combined. In 1974, the Soviets began replacing their AK-47 and AKM weapons with a newer design, AK-74, which uses 5.45 Æ' â € "39mm ammunition.
M16 entered the US service in the mid-1960s. Despite its initial failure, the M16 proved to be a revolutionary design and stands as the longest continuous rifle in American military history. This is a benchmark against other assessed assault rifles. The US military has largely replaced the M16 in combat units with shorter and lighter versions called the M4 carbine.
Video Comparison of the AK-47 and M16
Histori
Assault Rifle 44
Germany was the first to pioneer the concept of assault rifles, during World War II, based on research showing that most of the shootings occurred within 400 meters and that contemporary rifles were too powerful for most small arms combat. They will soon develop a select medium powered rifle that combines a submachine gun weapon with range and rifle accuracy.
The result is Sturmgewehr 44, produced by Germany in large quantities; about half a million are made. It fired a new and revolutionary medium powered cartridge, 7.92ÃÆ' â € "33mm Kurz. The new cartridge was developed by shortening the standard round of 7.92ÃÆ'â € "57mm Mauser and giving it a lighter 125-grain bullet, a limited range but allowing for more controlled auto fires. The smaller lightweight cartridges also allow the army to carry more ammunition "to support higher levels of higher fire use."
The Sturmgewehr 44 features an inexpensive, easy-to-make, stamped steel design and detachable 30-inch box magazine. "This weapon is the prototype of all successful automatic rifles Characteristically (and unlike the previous rifle and M-14) it has a straight stock with a barrel under a gas cylinder to reduce the reverse moment of the rifle retreat in the shoulder and thus help reduce the tendency of the shot to ride in automatic fire. The barrel and overall length are shorter than traditional rifles and have a pistol grip to hold safer weapons in automatic fire.The principle of this weapon - the impulse muzzle reduction to get an automatic fire that can be used in actual combat ranges - is the most important advance in small arms since the discovery of smokeless powder. "
AK-47
Like Germany, the Soviets were influenced by experiences that showed most of the fighting occurred within 400 meters and that their soldiers were consistently defeated by German armed forces, especially armed with Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifles. On July 15, 1943, a Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the Senate Commis- sion of the Republic Soviet Union. The Soviets were so impressed with Sturmgewehr that they soon began to develop their own medium-sized automatic rifles, to replace the very old Mosin-Nagant guns and PPSh-41 submachine guns that armed most of the Soviet Army.
The Soviets soon developed a 7.62 Ã- 39mm M43 cartridge, a semi-automatic SKS carosin and a RPD light machine gun. Shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the AK-47 assault rifle, which would quickly replace the SKS in the Soviet. The AK-47 was completed, adopted and entered into extensive service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s. Firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability are perfect for the new army's mobile war doctrine. In the 1960s, Soviets introduced RPK light machine guns, AK-47 type guns with bi-pods, stronger receivers, and a longer and heavier barrel that would eventually replace RPD light machine guns.
AK-47s are widely supplied or sold to allied countries with the Soviet Union, and blueprints are shared with some friendly countries (the People's Republic of China stands between this with Type 56). As a result, more AK-type weapons have been produced than all other combined assault rifles. "Of the approximately 500 million firearms worldwide, about 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three quarters are AK-47s."
M14 rifle
On the other hand, the US Army is influenced by the experience of fighting with semi-automatic weapons such as M1 Garand and M1 Carbine, which enjoy significant advantages over armed enemies especially with bolt-action rifles. Although the US Army study of World War II battle accounts has results very similar to that of Germany and the Soviets, the US Army failed to recognize the importance of the concept of assault rifles, and instead retained the traditional view and preference for semi-powered high-powered. automatic rifle. At that time, the US Army believed that Sturmgewehr 44 "was intended in a general way to serve the same purpose as the US carbine" and in many ways lost to the M1 carbine, and "not very important".
After World War II, the US military began searching for a single automatic gun to replace M1 Garand, M1/​​M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 "Grease Gun" and Thompson submachine gun. However, initial experiments with a fire-select version of the M1 Garand proved disappointing. During the Korean War, M3's preferred carbon carbide replaced submachine guns in US service and became the most widely used Carbine variant. However, combat experience indicates that 0.30 Carbine rotation is less powerful. The American arms designers reached the same conclusions as Germany and the Soviet: mid-round is required, and recommends small-caliber cartridges at high speed.
However, the senior American commander who faced a fanatical enemy and experienced major logistical problems during World War II and the Korean War insisted that a single-caliber.30 single-bore caliber was developed, which could not only be used by new automatic rifles, but by a new general of machine- purpose (GPMG) in concurrent development. This culminated in the development of the 7.62ÃÆ'-51mm NATO cartridge.
The US Army then began testing some rifles to replace the worn out M1 Garand. The heavier Springfield Armory's T44E4 and T44E5 are basically the latest versions of Garand for the 7.62 mm round, while Fabrique Nationale handed over their FN FAL as T48. ArmaLite entered the competition late, hastily filed several AR-10 prototype rifles in the fall of 1956 to Springfield Armory belonging to the United States for testing.
The AR-10 features an innovative straight-line barrel/share design, a malleable aluminum alloy receiver and with phenolic composite stock. It has a high view, a large aluminum flash press and reverse compensator, and an adjustable gas system. The final prototype, displaying the top and bottom receivers with the currently identified hinge and takedown pins, and the charging handle is above the receiver placed inside the carrier handle. For a 7.62mm NATO rifle, the AR-10 is very light with only 6.85 lbs. blank. Initial comments by the Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight rifle ever tested by Armory.
In the end the United States Army chose T44 which is now called the M14 rifle which is an increase in M1 Garand with 20 lap magazines and automatic fire capabilities. The US also adopted the M60 all-round machine gun (GPMG). His NATO partners adopted FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs.
M16 rifle
The first confrontation between AK-47 and M14 took place in the early part of the Vietnam War. The Battlefield report indicates that M14 can not be controlled full-auto and that soldiers can not carry enough ammunition to maintain fire superiority above the AK-47. And, while Carbine M2 offered a high fire rate, it was less powerful and was eventually defeated by the AK-47. Substitutes needed: Medium between traditional preferences for high-powered rifles such as M14, and light weapons from Carbine M2.
As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider the 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the US Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a.22 caliber gun of.223 (5.56 mm) weighing 6 pounds (2.7%). Ã, kg) when loaded with 20-round magazines. The 5.56mm rotation must penetrate the standard US helmet at 500 meters (460 meters) and maintain speed over the speed of sound, while matching or exceeding the ability to injure the Carbine cartridge.30.
This demand ultimately resulted in the development of a smaller version of Armalite AR-10, called the ARMA15 AR-15 rifle. However, despite much evidence that AR-15 can carry more weapons to bear than M14, the Army opposed the adoption of new rifles. In January 1963, Defense Minister Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was a superior weapon system and ordered the cessation of production of M14. At that time, the AR-15 was the only rifle available that could meet the requirements of universal infantry weapons for problems to all services.
After modification (especially, the refill grip is placed from under the handle carrying like AR-10 to the back of the receiver), a redesigned new rifle is then adopted as the M16 Rifle. "(The M16) is much lighter than the replaced M14, which ultimately allows the Army to carry more ammunition. Air-cooled assault rifle, operated by gas, tablet-fed made of steel, aluminum alloy and composite plastic , completely cut Designed with full and semi-automatic capability, this weapon initially did not respond well to wet and dirty conditions, sometimes even jammed in combat.After several minor modifications, the weapon became popular among troops on the battlefield. "
Although the initial failure of M16 proved to be a revolutionary design and stands as the longest continuous rifle in American military history. It has been adopted by many US allies and NATO 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm cartridges not only become NATO standards, but" standard assault rifles in most parts of the world. " It also leads to the development of high-caliber high-speed service rifles by every major army in the world, including the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. This is a benchmark against other assessed assault rifles.
Maps Comparison of the AK-47 and M16
Manufacturing philosophy
M16
M16 is a fire gun of choice 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm, air-cooled, directly operated, magazine-filled magazine, with rotary bolts and straight line recoil design. It was designed above everything to be a light assault rifle, and to fire small high-caliber small-caliber bullets that allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition. It was designed to be produced extensively using aluminum and synthetic materials by an advanced Automatic Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine. The M16 is a Modular Weapon System, easily configurable as assault rifle, carbine, submachine gun and open squad automatic weapon. It's easy to assemble, modify and repair using some simple hand tools, and a flat surface to work on.
At the peak of production, Colt's production capacity is approximately 333,000 units per year M16 continues to benefit from any advances in the CNC field. which allows more small producers to mass-produce AR-15 M16 and semi-automatic rifles. The low aluminum M16 receiver can be forged or thrown. Their receivers may also be made of titanium and various other metal alloys, composites or polymers. If necessary, M16 can be machined from steel chunks and equipped with wooden furniture. The internal components of M16 such as the bolt carrier group and the charging handle can also be made of titanium. The aluminum M16 receiver and other parts can even be 3D printing, allowing "people without thieving training to assemble home-based assault rifles". This makes the M16 ideal for the production of a market economy, spreading among many small producers across the country, using a variety of manufacturing materials and methods; this ensures it is almost impossible to disrupt the production of US M16 rifles in case of major conflicts.
In 2015, the US military bought M4 Carbines for $ 647 (USD) per unit. About 8 million types of M16 rifles have been made worldwide.
AK-47
AK-47 is a shot gun, 7.62 Ã- 39mm, air-cooled, gas-operated stroke-piston, magazine, with rotary bolt. It was designed to be a simple and reliable automatic rifle that could be produced quickly and cheaply, using mass production methods that were art in the Soviet Union during the late 1940s. The AK-47 barrel and bolt were dug from the steel billet and chromed hard. The receiver was originally designed to be stamped from sheet metal with a milled trunnion insert. However, there are many difficulties during the initial phase of production which causes a high rejection rate because of incorrect receivers. Instead of stopping production, heavy-duty steel-engined receivers were replaced with sheet metal receivers. This is a more expensive and time-consuming process, but it advances the program's progress and accelerates production. AK furniture is only made of wood, which is a non-strategic material, and fits perfectly with the Soviet manufacturing philosophy, where large factories produce large amounts of basic weapons.
In 1959, the metal sheet stamping process was perfected, simplifying production and reducing the weight of the rifle from 3.87 kg (2.9 pounds) to 2.93 kg (6.5 pounds) without magazines. Most AK-type rifles used today are milder, milder AKM steel types. Over time, AK production has been simplified through the use of rivets, point welding and by further reducing the number of engine parts.
The current AK model is made using modern manufacturing processes and has many components produced by investment casting. This method provides a detailed and accurate product with excellent metallurgical properties. They come in 7.62ÃÆ' â € "39mm (AK-103), 5.45ÃÆ' â €" 39mm (AK-74M) and 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm (AK-101), with barrels wrought cold hammer. They are also made with the use of synthetic/plastic furniture, such as folding stock, handguards and pistol-grip.
At the peak of production, Kalashnikov Concern (formerly Izhmash) can produce about 95 units per hour (about 832,000 units per year). Because of its stamped steel design it is not possible to efficiently produce AK-47 series in small plants, due to the large amount of metal stamping equipment required for mass production. However, AK-47 grinding steel has given birth to such home-based industries and has been copied and produced (one shot at a time) in small stores around the world.
In 2014, Kalashnikov Concern sells the AK-103 at a government price of $ 150 to $ 160 (USD) per unit. There are places around the world where AK-47 type rifles can be bought at the Black Market "for only $ 6, or exchanged for a chicken or a sack of grain." About 100 million AK-47 rifles have been made worldwide.
Comparison of characteristics
Size and weight
Ergonomics
"The AR-15/M16-series rifle is considered the best human-engineering rifle in the world." The M16 is ergonomically superior to the AK-47 in many ways. Much easier and faster to change magazines and make M16 back in action than with AK-47. This is due to several factors, such as the release of a perfectly-located magazine and bolt release button, the magazine blazing well for fast magazine insertion, and the ability to enter magazines into M16 in a conventional way, rather than "rock and lock" with the AK-47.In addition, it is easier for the M16 user to keep a strong hand on the gun grip and see the target when making magazine changes compared to the AK-47.
The M16 has a well-designed safety lever located on the left side of the weapon that is easily manipulated by the user's thumb while maintaining a firm grip on the pistol grip. With AK-47, security is a big lever on the right side of a weapon that is not easily manipulated. "It's slow, uncomfortable and sometimes rigid to operate." For most users, the hand must be detached from the handgun grip to apply or release safety. It also makes "hard and typical clicks" when in use. While the cigarette lighter "is considered by many to be the main weakness of the entire AK design", the most criticized feature is the trigger mechanism. "The Kalashnikov trigger system, which is conceptually derived from the 30 M1 Garlic rifle, M1, is too often harassed with an unpleasant, and sometimes quite painful," triggering "trigger and a creepy and unexpected trigger drive."
Recoil
With the right mindset, training and training, soldiers armed with AK-47 and M16 are deadly enough. However, the direct M16 gas smelting operating system, straight line recoil design, and smaller caliber provide fewer recoils than the AK-47 and make it easier to be fully automatic.
"The Stoner System (M16) provides a highly symmetrical design that allows straight line movement of the operating components.This allows the braking power to drive straight back.Instead of connecting or other mechanical parts that drive the system, high pressure gas performs this function. , reducing the weight of the moving parts and the gun as a whole. "M16 straight line recoil design, in which the recoil springs are located in stock directly behind the action, and serve the double function of the operating spring and recoil buffer. Stocks in line with the holes also reduce muzzle rise, especially during auto fires. Because backing does not significantly shift the destination point, quicker follow-up shots are possible and user fatigue is reduced. Also, the current M16 flash-suppressors model also acts as a compensator to reduce further recoil.
With the long-stroke AK-47 piston gas system, the piston is mechanically mounted on the bolt group and moves through the entire operating cycle. The main disadvantage of this system is the disruption at the destination because the center of mass changes during the action cycle and stops energetically and suddenly at the beginning and end of the journey of the bolt carrier. However, the heavier AK-47 weight and lower speed do a good job of reducing any losses. In addition, newer AK-47 type rifles use muzzle brakes or compensators to reduce recoil. Some AK type rifles also have vertical foregrips to improve handling characteristics and to counteract the effects of recoil.
Note: Free Recoil is a mathematical equation calculated using the weight of the shotgun, bullet weight, muzzle velocity and payload. That is what will be measured if the shotgun is fired from the rope, free to back off. As mentioned above, the crack perceived rifle also depends on many other factors that are not easily measured.
Views
"A longer gun barrel has the advantage of a longer radius of vision, theoretically allowing a shooter to obtain a higher level of accuracy than the precision enhancement of the scene alone.A longer barrel also provides longer paths for projectiles to stabilize before exiting the barrel, while allotting a longer period of time for the propellant charge to act on the projectile, often resulting in higher muzzle velocity and more consistent trajectory.A long barrel inherently provides more mass available for heat transfer, increasing the rate heat transfer that occurs between shots, in turn reduces the less warpage in the barrel, helps improve consistency (and ultimately accuracy). "
The M16 has 50.8 cm (20.0 inches) and a viewing radius of 500 mm (19.75 inches). M16 uses an L-type flip, aperture rear aperture and can be adjusted with two settings, 0 to 300 meters and 300 to 400 meters. Front sight is a post, adjusted for elevation in the field. Rear vision can be adjusted in the field for windage. The scenery can be tailored to the tip of the bullet and soldiers trained to zero their own rifles. The image looks the same as M14, M1 Garand, M1 Carbine and M1917 Enfield. The M16 also has a "Low Light Level Vision System", which includes the outlook post with a Tritium H3 radioactive glassy (light-in-dark) radio glass and larger back view of the opening. M16 can install a scope on the handle of the carrier. With the advent of M16A2, a completely customizable new rear view is added, allowing the rear view to be rotated for a certain distance between 300 and 800 meters and to allow wind adjustment without the need for tools or cartridges. The latest editions of M16A4s and M4s have a removable grip and use Picatinny rails that allow the use of multiple scopes and observation devices. Current United States Army and Air Force M4 Carbine problems are equipped with M68 Close Combat Optic and Back-up Iron Sight. The United States Marine Corps uses ACOG Rifle Combat Optic and the US Navy using EOTech Holographic Weapon Sight.
AK-47 has a barrel 41.5 cm (16.3 inches) and a vision radius of 378 mm (14.88 inches). The AK-47 uses a curvilinear tangent backrest, adjustable and calibrated in hundreds of 100 to 800 meters (100 to 1000 meters for the AKM model). Front view is a customizable post for altitude in the field. Wind adjustment is done by the armory before it is issued. Fixed battle settings can be used for all ranges up to 300 meters. This "point blank" setting is marked "? ", allowing the shooter to shoot at a melee target without adjusting the scene. Longer range settings are intended for area presses. This arrangement reflects the Mosin-Nagant rifles and SKS replaced by the AK-47. Some AK-type rifles have front views with flip-up luminous points that are calibrated at 50 meters, to improve night combat. All current AK-47s (series 100), have side rails for installing various coverage and observation devices, such as PSO-1 Optical Sniper Sight. However, their side folding stock can not be folded with optics installed.
Range and accuracy
A short comparison between the cartridges reveals that the lighter M16, the higher-speed 5.56ÃÆ'-45mm cartridge has much better range and accuracy than the heavier AK-47 7.62ÃÆ' â € "39mm cartridge.
Note *: The effective range of firearms is the maximum distance at which the weapons can be accurately estimated and achieve the desired effect.
Note **: Horizontal distance is the distance traveled by a bullet, fired from a rifle at a height of 1.6 meters and 0 Â ° elevation, until the bullet hits the ground.
*** Note: The deadly range is the maximum range of small arms projectiles, while retaining the minimum energy needed to keep people from acting, which is generally believed to be 15 kilograms (108 feet-Ib.). This is equivalent to the.22LR pistol's.
**** Note: Maximum range of small arms projectiles is achieved about 30 Â ° elevation. This maximum range is only for security purposes, not for combat blackouts.
The M16 rifle is "accurate beyond description". Lightweight thresholds, high speed and flat trajectory allow the shooter to take head shots up to 300 meters. The newer M16s use the newer M855 cartridge which increases its effective range up to 600 meters. They are also more accurate than their predecessors and are capable of firing groups of 1-3 inches at a distance of 100 yards. "In Fallujah, Marines with ACOG-equipped M16A4 created a stir by taking so many head shots until the wound was examined carefully, some observers thought the rebels had been executed." The latest EPR M855A1 cartridges are even more accurate and during the "... test have shown that, on average, 95 percent of the rounds will reach the 8 Ã- 8 inch target at a distance of 600 meters."
AK-47 accuracy has always been considered "good enough" to hit an adult male body up to about 300 meters. "At 300 meters, the expert shooter (shoot AK-47) in prone or in the bench position has difficulty placing ten consecutive rounds on the target." Regardless of the best efforts of Soviet engineers and "no matter what the changes are, AK-47's accuracy can not be significantly improved; when it comes to shooting right, it's a very mediocre arm." Surprisingly, the AKM model of new stamped steel receivers is actually less accurate than their predecessors. "There are advantages and disadvantages both in the receiver forged/milled and the receiver stamped • Miller/Forged The receiver is much more rigid, stretching less as the shotgun is fired so as not to impede the accuracy as much as the receiver is stamped.Stamped receivers on the other hand are a bit more rugged as it has some surrender and have less chance of having metal fatigue under heavy usage. "As a result, the grinding AK-500 is capable of firing groups of 3-5 inches at 100 meters, while the AKM cap is capable of making groups 4-6 inches at 100 meters. The best shooter is able to reach a human-sized target at 800 meters in five shots (firing from a prone or supported position) or ten shots (standing).
Ballistic terminal
A short comparison between the cartridges reveals that the heavier AK-47 cartridge 7.62ÃÆ' â € "39mm has much better penetration than the lighter M16, the higher-speed 5.56ÃÆ' â €" 45mm cartridge. However, it also revealed that the lighter, higher-speed 5.56mm M16 bullet has a tendency to fragment on impacts that cause larger injuries than the heavier 7.62mm AK-47 bullets, which are not fragmented at impact.
The heavier AK-47 round 7.62 Ã-39mm has better penetration when compared to the lighter M16 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm round and better in circumstances where a soldier must fire through dense foliage, walls or metal bodies public vehicles and being opponents trying to use these things as closing. The 7.62 Ã- 39mm M43 projectile is generally not fragmented in soft tissue and has an unusual tendency to remain intact even after making contact with the bone. Round 7.62 Ã-39mm produces significant injuries in cases where bullets fall in the tissues, but produce relatively minor injuries in cases where the bullets go out before they start to evaporate. In the absence of a yaw, M43's rounds can be rolled through the network with relatively minor injuries and the potential injury is limited to the small permanent wound channel created by the bullet itself.
The original ammunition for the M16 is 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm M193 round. When fired from a 20 "barrel at a distance of up to 100 meters, the flattened bulbhead head moves fast enough (above 2900 feet/sec) that the force invading the human body will cause the rotation to become yaw (or fall)) and fragments to about a dozen cuts of various sizes that create injuries that are disproportionate to their caliber. These injuries are much larger than those produced by AK-47 and they are so devastating that many consider M16 to be an inhumane weapon.When the 5.56mm rotation speed decreases, so does the number The 5.56mm rotation is usually not cut off at a distance beyond 200 meters or at a speed below 2500 ft/dt, and turning it off is highly dependent on the placement of the shot.
In March 1970, the US recommended that all NATO troops adopt 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm cartridges. This shift represents a change in the long-held military position philosophy of caliber sizes. In the mid-1970s, other soldiers were looking at M16 style weapons. The NATO standardization effort was soon started and various round tests were conducted starting in 1977. The US offered a 5.56 Æ' - 45mm M193 round, but there were concerns about penetration in the face of a wider introduction of body armor. In the end, the 5.56ÃÆ'-45mm SS109 Belgium round was selected (STANAG 4172) in October 1980. The SS109 round is based on US cartridges but includes a new, stronger, 62 bullet design bullet, with improved long-distance performance and enhanced penetration ( specifically, to consistently penetrate the steel helmet side at 600 meters). Due to its design and lower muzzle velocity (about 3110 ft/s), the Belgian SS109 round is considered more humane because it is less likely to be cut off from the US M193 round. The standard NATO 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm ammunition produced for US troops is designated as M855.
Most, if not all, of the 7.62 Æ' â € "39mm ammunition found today are the improved M67 varieties. This variety removes the steel insert, shifts the center of gravity to the back and allows the projectile to destabilize (or yaw) at about 3.3 inches (8.4 centimeters), nearly 6.7 inches (17 centimeters) earlier in tissue than the M43 round. This change also reduced the penetration of ballistic gelatin to 2525 in (64 cm cm) for the new M67 round verse 29 at (74 cm cm) for the older M43 rounds. However, like the M43, the potential injured M67 is largely confined to the small permanent wound channel created by the bullet itself, especially when the bullets (tumbles).
There is now a relative parity between M67 wounding capacity and M855 round 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm at this time. However, there are repeatable and consistent reports about the inability of M855 to injure effectively (ie fragments) when fired from the short barrel M4 carbine (even at close range). The M4's 14.5 "barrel length reduces the speed of the muzzle to about 2900 ft/s.This reduces the wounding ability is one reason that, despite the Army transition to the M4's short barrel, the Marine Corps has decided to continue using M16A4 with its 20 barrels 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm M855 relies heavily on high speed to be able to effectively hurt.
In 2003, the US Army argued that the lack of death 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm is more a matter of perception than fact. By placing a good shot into the head and chest, the target is usually defeated without any problems. The majority of failures are the result of hitting targets in non-vital areas such as extremities. However, a minority of failures occur despite some blows in the chest. In 2006, a study found that 20% of soldiers using M4 Carbine wanted more deadly or stopping power. In June 2010, the United States Army announced to begin delivering 5.56mm, Lead-free, the new M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round for an active combat zone. The upgrade is designed to maximize the performance of 5.56ÃÆ' to 45mm rounds, to extend reach, improve accuracy, increase penetration and consistently divide soft tissue when fired from not only standard length M16 but also short barrel M4 carbine. The US Army was very impressed with the EPR M855A1 round that they also developed the EPR version 7.62 Ã-51mm M80A1.
During the 1990s, Russia developed AK-101 at 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm NATO for world export markets. In addition, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia (ie Serbia) have also returned the locally produced AK variant to the 5.56mm NATO. And, Finland, Israel, South Africa and Sweden have made AK-type rifles at 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm since the 1970s.
Firepower
Fire rate
Both AK-47 and M16 are firearms of choice capable of semi-automatic and full-automatic, or semi-automatic and 3-round-burst shoot for later M16 models. However, the semi-automatic and 3-round-burst capabilities of the M16A2 and M4 models have fewer combat capabilities than their predecessors or AK-47 type rifles. This is due to the removal of the full automatic fire mode. In addition, the burst mechanism does not recycle; if one or two rounds are fired because the trigger is not held for long enough, the pull of the next trigger will not produce a three-round blast, but will result in one or two shots fired. The latest versions of the M16 rifles are the M4A1 and HK416 which have abandoned the 3-round burst capability and returned to the more traditional semi-automatic and full automatic fire mode.
Note *: AK-47 does not have three round burst capabilities. The M16A2 and M4 models have replaced full-automatic fire mode with three-round burst capabilities Note **: Both AK-47 and M16 will overheat in normal combat conditions and have a sustained fire rate of as low as 12 to 15 revolutions per minute (approximately equal to a bolt-action rifle).
Available firepower
The standard magasin capacity for AK-47 and M16 type rifles is 30 rounds, although lower and higher magazine capacities are available for both systems. However, the most limiting factor in firepower is the amount of ammunition a soldier can carry. An army armed with an M16 can carry much more ammunition than a soldier armed with an AK-47. Assuming a maximum 10 kilogram ammunition load...
Note *: 10kg (22lb) is the maximum number of ammunition that average soldiers can carry on average... it also allows the best comparison of the three most common AK-47 magazines to the standard USGI M16 magazine.
Additional weapon
Note: All of these grenades, launchers and rifles add mass and extra weight to warring soldiers and as a result, they reduce the amount of rifle ammunition that the army can carry. For example, the modern French AC58 "bullet" grenade rifle measures 380mm long and weighs 0.5kg (1.1lb), equivalent to the loaded M16 magazine. A M203 grenade launcher added 1.4 kg (3 pounds) to a M16 weight and a 0.24 kg (0.53 lb) High Explosive (HE) 4040mm grenade, about half the weight of a loaded M16 magazine.
Accessories
Both AK-47 and M16 are designed to install accessories, except of course for each bayonet and simple clip bipod type for M16. However, with the emergence of the Picatinny rail and coincidence, the M16 has proven itself to be a highly adaptable weapon system, capable of installing a wide range of accessories, including grenade launchers, fore-grips, removable grip/rear view assemblies, bipods, laser systems, electronics, night vision, tactical lights, etc. AK-47s can also use Picatinny's built-in accessories, although the design and the smaller fore-stock make it less adaptable.
In addition, the M16 is a "Swiss assault rifle", a modular weapon system whose components can be configured in a variety of different configurations. For example, the M16A2 with standard iron sights and standard front-stock can be easily converted, in seconds and without using tools to M16A4 with Picatinny rail, optical sights and various accessories. This is done simply by pushing the two pins, removing the top A2 receiver/barrel and replacing it with the receiver/barrel over the A4. Alternatively, the M16A4 Rifle can be converted to M4 Carbine within minutes by replacing the top receiver and using a simple hand tool to replace the fixed buttstock with the telescoping buttstock. Thus, M16 can be easily converted to different caliber and different types of weapons. AK-47 does not have that ability.
Bayonet
Today, bayonets are rarely used in combat. However, both AK-47 and M16 retain bayonets and bayonets are still being removed. Also, bayonets are still used to control prisoners and as "last resort" weapons. In addition, some authorities have concluded that bayonets serve as useful training aids in building morale and promoting desirable aggression within troops.
M16 is 44.25 inches long (1124mm) with bayonet M7 installed. Bayonet M7 is based on previous designs such as M4, M5, & amp; M6 bayonets, all of which are direct descendants of the M3 Fighting Knife and have a spear blade with a sharply sharp secondary tip. The newer Bayonet M9 has a clip-point blade with sawtooth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose blades and wire cutters when combined with a holster. Bayonet USMC OKC-3S currently has a resemblance to the Martian-owned Ka-Bar fighter blade with serrations near the handle.
AK is 40.15 inch (1020mm) long with AKM bayonet type installed. AK-47 has adequate but not prominent bayonets. However, the Type I AKM bayonet (introduced in 1959) is a revolutionary design. It has a Bowie knife (clip-point) with a saw along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose blade and wire cutter when combined with a sword sheath. This design is copied by another country and forms the basis of the US M9 bayonet. The AK-74 bayonet (introduced in 1983) is a further refinement of the AKM bayonet. "This introduces a cross-section of a radical blade, which has a flat mill at one side near the same edge and flat mill at the opposite side near the fake edge.The knife has a new spearhead point and an improved one-piece plastic grip makes it a more effective fighting knife. It also has saw teeth on fake edges and ordinary holes for use as wire cutters. Some Chinese AK type rifles such as Type 56 include spikes in integrated bayonet spikes, similar to SKS rifles.
Reliability
The AK-47 always enjoys a reputation for robust reliability and has a level of damage of one per 1000 rounds fired. It uses a long-stroke gas system, in which gas is sent from the barrel to push the piston attached to the bolt carrier, thus operating the action. The gas cylinder is large enough and is visible above the barrel with port or vent to allow excessive "dirty" gas to escape without affecting the action. AK-47s are often built with generous leeway, allowing it to function easily in dirty environments with little or no care. This makes it reliable but less accurate.
The M16 always has a reputation for poor reliability and has a level of damage of two per 1000 fired rounds. M16 uses a unique gas-powered operating system. "This gas operating system works by passing a high pressure propellant gas which is tapped from the tube to the tube and into the carrier group inside the upper receiver, and is generally but incorrectly referred to as the" direct throw gas system. "The gas extends in a deep gas tubular donut since the bolt is prevented from moving forward by the barrel, the carrier is pushed backward by a widespread gas and thereby alters the gas energy for the movement of the rifle portion of the piston and the cavity in the bolt carrier is the piston arm.It is more appropriate to call it an "internal piston" system,. "This design is much lighter and more compact than a gas-piston design. However, this design requires that the burned by-product of the removed cartridge be blown to the receiver as well. This accumulation of carbon and the volatile metal in the receiver and bolt carrier negatively affects reliability and requires more intensive maintenance on the part of individual soldiers. DI operation increases the amount of heat stored in the receiver when turning on M16 and causing essential lubricants to be "burned". This requires proper and generous lubricating applications. The lack of proper lubrication is the most common source of weapon termination or congestion.
The original M16 fared badly in the jungles of Vietnam and is famous for its reliability issues in harsh environments. As a result, this became the target of Congressional inquiry. The investigation found that:
- M16 is billed as a self-cleaning (when there is no weapon or ever).
- M16 is issued to troops without cleaning kit or instructions on how to clean the shotgun.
- The M16 and 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm cartridges have been tested and approved with the use of the DuPont IMR8208 funnel powder, which is diverted to an Olin Mathieson WC846 powder that produces more fouling, which quickly suppresses M16 action (unless the gun is cleaned properly and often).
- M16 does not have any help forward (rifle can not operate when it crashes).
- M16 has no barrel and chrome space, causes corrosion problems, contributes to case swelling and extraction failure (which is considered to be the most severe problem and requires extreme measures to clean up, such as inserting a cleaning rod into the barrel and tapping the discharged cartridge).
When this problem is handled and corrected by M16A1, reliability issues greatly decrease. According to the Army Department report of 1968, the M16A1 rifle was widely accepted by US forces in Vietnam. "Most men armed with the M16 in Vietnam rate the performance of these rifles high, however, many men entertain some doubts about the reliability of the M16.Asked what weapons they like to take in battle, 85 percent indicate they want either M16 or submachine. the rifle version, XM177E2. (M14 is favored by 15 percent, while less than one percent wants to carry a Stoner, AK-47 rifle, carbine or gun.) "In March of 1970," President of the Blue Ribbon Defense Panel "concluded that the issuance of M16 saved lives 20,000 US troops during the Vietnam War, who would die if M14 remained in operation. But the M16 rifle reputation continues to suffer.
After the introduction of M4 Carbides, it was found that the short length of the 14.5-inch barrel also had a negative effect on reliability, since the gas port was located closer to space than the standard M16 standard gas gun port: 7.5 Ã, inch instead of 13Ã, inch. It affects M4 time and increases the amount of stress and heat on critical components, thereby reducing reliability. After that, the Army and Colt worked to make modifications to M4 and M16A4 to solve the problems found.
In tests conducted in 2005 and 2006, the Army found that on average, the new M4 and M16 fired about 5,000 rounds between stops. In 2010, US Marines operating in Afghanistan reported no reliability problems with their M16 rifles and M4 carbines. "This is moreover given the account of Chief Warrant Officer Joshua S. Smith, Marine responsible for training and performance of weapons in the Third Battalion, the Sixth Marines, involved in daily combat in Marja." We've got zero in the way of trouble, we have no problem, "he said of the M-4 and M-16.Battaly has about 350 M-16 and 700 M-4, he said."
The latest version of M16 in the US service is HK416 (eg M27 Automatic Infantry Rifle) that uses proprietary gas systems derived from HK G36, replacing the direct throwing gas system used by the M16/M4 standard. The HK system uses a short-stroke gas piston that drives the operation rod to force the bolt carrier back. This design prevents the combustion gases entering the weapon's interior, weakness with a direct throwing system. The reduction of heat and fouling of the bolt carrier group increases the reliability of the weapon and extends the interval between terminations. Short-stroke gas pistons require less maintenance and cleaning. This reduces operator cleanup time and pressure on critical components. "Improving the terms of service intervals provides substantial benefits to soldiers who may not have the ability or opportunity to clean their guns thoroughly.Also, the design of external gas piston systems is less prone to build other contaminants in extreme environments." During the factory test, HK416 fired 10,000 rounds fully automatic without any malfunction.
Magazines
"Magazines are one of the most important elements of any firearms design.They are responsible for the portion of the feed from the operating cycle.Even in the most proven arm that can extract and remove, the magazine should be 100 percent reliable for it to consistently feed correctly. "
The AK-47's 30-round magazine has a pronounced curve that allows them to smoothly feed ammunition into the room. Their heavy steel construction combined with "lip-feeding" (the surface at the top of a magazine that controls the angle where the cartridges enter the room) is powered from a single steel billet making them extremely resistant to damage. These magazines are so powerful that "Soldiers have been known to use their mag as hammers, and even bottle openers." This makes AK-47 magazine more reliable, though heavier than US and NATO magazines. AK-47 magazine of initial slab-side steel weighs 0.43 kg (0.95 lbs) empty. AKM magazine made of steel then has a lighter metal sheet with ribs that strengthen as little as 0.33 kg (0.73 pounds) empty. Steel-reinforced plastic magazines today are even lighter, weighing 0.25 kg (0.55 lbs) empty. The initial steel AK-47 magazine was 9.75 inches long, and the AKM steel was ribbed later and the new plastic magazine about an inch shorter.
M16 Magazine is intended to be a lightweight and removable item. Thus, it is made of aluminum press/stamped and is not designed to be durable. Therefore, it is more easily damaged than the AK-47 magazine and the feed lips are proportionately weaker in comparison to the AK-47. M16 initially used a 20-round magazine which was later replaced by a twisted 30-round design. As a result, magazine followers tend to sway or tilt, causing malfunctions. Many non-US and commercial magazines have been developed to effectively reduce these shortcomings (eg, H & K all-stainless-steel M & C, Magpul P-MAG polymers, etc.). Standard USGI aluminum 30-spherical M16 magazine weighs 0.11 kg (0.24 lb) empty and 7.1 inches long. A new plastic magazine about half an inch longer. The new steel magazine is about half an inch longer and 4 ounces heavier. The M16 Magazine has become an official NATO STANAG magazine and is currently used by many Western countries, in many weapons systems.
In 2009, the US military began rolling out an "improved magazine" identified by brown followers. "The new followers incorporate extended hind legs and modified bulletheads for stacking and enhanced rotation orientation.The self-leveling/anti-tilt followers minimize jamming while broader spring profiles create even style distributions.The performance gain does not add weight or cost to magazines. "
In July 2016, the US Army introduced a new Performance Enhanced Magazine. These new magazines have brown bodies and blue followers. "Unlike previous magazines, EPM uses a new modified (and therefore non-interchangeable, different color) magazine body that presents rounds at a more favorable angle to the rifle feedway, improves reliability and, importantly, prevents hardened steel tips New 5.56mm M855A1 Improved Performance Round from contacting aluminum feed ramp parts on M4 type rifles. "This allows a dramatic 300% increase in the number of turns triggered between terminations.
Service life
AK-47 type rifles are made in dozens of countries, with "quality ranging from finely designed weapons to questionable pieces of workmanship." As a result, the AK-47 has a service/system life of about 6,000, up to 10,000, up to 15,000 rounds. The AK-47 was designed to be a cheap, simple, and easy-to-make assault rifle, perfectly compatible with Soviet military doctrine that treats equipment and weapons as disposable items. Because units are often deployed without adequate logistical support and dependent on "war zone cannibal" to supply, it is actually more cost-effective to replace than to improve weapons.
Both AK-47 and M16 have small parts and springs that need to be replaced every few thousand rounds. However... "Whenever (AK) is dismantled outside the stripping stage, it will take time for some parts to regain its compatibility, some parts may tend to loose and fall off when firing weapons Some parts of the AK-47 line are fixated together. this can be very inconvenient, because the end of the rivet must be sawed and the new one set after it has been replaced. "
The M16 type rifle is made by dozens of manufactures worldwide, with the highest standards "whose purpose is to ensure that products designed for military use meet the necessary requirements with respect to quality, durability, roughness, similarity, interchangeability, total cost of ownership, logistics and other military and defense objectives. "The life of the M16 barrel is about 15,000 rounds for the standard editions of M16A4s and M4s. The cold hammer-wire steel bar used in HK416 has a life span of 20,000 to 50,000 laps depending on the intensity of use. An outdated M16 barrel will cause bullets to fall while flying. However, the receiver/barrel over M16 can be exchanged in seconds, without using the tool, simply by pushing the two pins. The M16 is designed to be a serviceable assault rifle, perfectly suited to American military doctrine in which units are continuously recharged, and is expected to do most of their own maintenance and repairs on the ground. Thus, American units are well supplied and quickly provided whatever spare parts they need with their logistic support system.
An unruly M16 rifle can be sent to the Small Arms Weapon Facility, where it is overhauled, upgraded, and returned to service. The M16 rifle can be recycled almost infinitely, because every individual piece can be easily replaced until no original parts are left.
Miscellaneous
AK-74 vs M16A2
"The AK-74 assault rifle is the Soviet response to the US M16." The Russians realized that the M16 had better reach and accuracy over the AKM, and that the lighter cartridges allowed the soldiers to carry more ammunition. Therefore, in 1967, the USSR issued an official requirement to replace the AKM and cartridge 7.62ÃÆ'-39mm. They soon started developing AK-74 and 5.45ÃÆ'-39mm cartridges. AK-74 production began in 1974, and was inaugurated in 1977, when it was carried by Soviet parachute troops during the annual Red Square parade. It will soon replace the AKM and become a standard Soviet infantry rifle. In 1979, AK-74 saw the battle for the first time in Afghanistan.
AK-74 is best described as a modified version of the AK62 7.62 × 39mm rifle. This modification primarily results from the conversion of rifles to the 5.45 Ã- 39mm cartridge, some of the early models reported have been rejuvenated AKMs. The AK-74 and AKM share 9 assemblies and 52 parts (36% & 53% parts of commonality, respectively).
The cartridge 5.45ÃÆ' â € "39mm is much lighter than the replaced 7.62ÃÆ' â €" 39mm span, allowing soldiers carrying 1.5 times more ammunition. AK-74 also offers better coverage and accuracy over the AKM. However, the AK-74's range and accuracy are still "lower than most Western weapons," including the latest edition M16 rifle.
5.45 mm bullets fall in soft tissues that produce temporary holes at depths of 10 cm (3.9 inches) and 35 cm (13.8 inches). This effect is similar to, but faster than the 7.62ÃÆ' â € "39mm cartridge. The 5.45mm round offers better penetration during the US lap. However, unlike its partner, the 5.45mm round "does not damage or fragment when striking the soft tissue." However, during the Afghan war, Mujahideen called the 5.45ÃÆ' â € "39mm round" Poison Bullet "because of the severe injuries that resulted in the extremities and the resulting need for amputation.
Catatan *: Group = Ekstrim Menyebarkan grup... Hits = Hits pada 39 "high ÃÆ' 19" siluet lebar
Studi evaluasi senapan
The following summary has been taken directly from the "Rifle Evaluation Studies", US Army, Battle Force Command, ADA046961, Dec. 20, 1962. Additional information can be found in the "Rifle Evaluation Study", United States Army, Infantry Battlefield, ADA050268, 10 Dec 1962 ".
Note: This is the first time the US Army compares AR-15/M16 and AK-47.
Shooting night
The AR-15 is not equipped with a flash suppressor during the execution of this test. Also, there is only a small amount of ammunition available for use in AK-47. As a result, the night shooting abilities of both AR-15 and AK-47 were not properly tested. In subsequent tests at Fort Benning, AR-15s equipped with flash suppressors were tested against M14 and AK-47. AK-47 is not equipped with flash suppressor.
Worldwide use
References
- Notes
More information
External links
- Balistic Wounds and Profile Illustrations
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments