Text messages , or texting , is the act of writing and sending electronic messages, usually consisting of alphabetic and numeric characters, between two or more mobile users, tablets, desktops, or other devices. Text messages can be sent over the mobile network, or may also be sent via an Internet connection.
The term originally referred to a message sent using Short Message Service (SMS). It has grown beyond the alphanumeric text to include multimedia messages (known as MMS) containing digital images, videos, and voice content, as well as an ideogram known as emoji (happy face, sad face, and other icons).
Beginning 2017, text messages are used by teenagers and adults for personal, family and social purposes and in business. Governmental and non-governmental organizations use text messages for communication among co-workers. As well as sending emails, in 2010, informal short messaging has become an accepted part of many cultures. This makes SMS a quick and easy way to communicate with friends and colleagues, including in contexts where calls are offensive or inappropriate (eg, calling late at night or when someone knows someone else is busy with family or work). Like e-mail and voicemail, and unlike calls (where the caller wishes to speak directly with the recipient), sending a message does not require that both callers and receivers are free at the same time; This allows communication even among busy individuals. Text messages can also be used to interact with automated systems, for example, to order products or services from an e-commerce website, or to participate in an online contest. Advertisers and service providers use direct text marketing to send messages to mobile users about promotions, payment dates and other notifications instead of using postal mail, email or voice mail.
Video Text messaging
Terminology
This service is called by various colloquials depending on the region. It can only be referred to as "text" in North America, the UK, Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines, "SMS" in most of Europe, or "MMS" or "SMS" in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. The sender of the text message is usually referred to as "texter".
Maps Text messaging
History
The electrical telegraph system, developed in the early 19th century, used a simple electrical signal to send text messages. At the end of the 19th century, wireless telegraphs were developed using radio waves.
In 1933, the German Reichspost (Reich post service) introduced the first "telex" service.
The University of Hawaii began using radio to transmit digital information since 1971, using ALOHAnet. Friedhelm Hillebrand concept of SMS in 1984 while working for Deutsche Telekom. Sitting on a typewriter at home, Hillebrand typed a random sentence and counted every letter, number, punctuation, and space. Almost every time, messages contain fewer than 160 characters, thus providing the basis for a limit that can be typed via text messages. With Bernard Ghillebaert of France TÃÆ'Ã… © lÃÆ' © Com, he developed a proposal for a GSM (Groupe Spà © cial Mobile) meeting in February 1985 in Oslo. The first technical solution evolved in the GSM subgroup under Finn Trosby. This was further developed under the leadership of Kevin Holley and Ian Harris (see Short Message Service). SMS forms an integral part of SS7 (Signaling System No. 7). Below SS7, it is a "country" with 160 character data, encoded in the text format ITU-T "T.56", which has a "lead sequence" for specifying different language codes, and may have special character codes that allow, for example , send simple graphics as text. It is part of ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and because GSM is based on this, it makes its way to the phone. Messages can be sent and received on ISDN phones, and these can send SMS to any GSM phone. The possibility of doing something is one thing, implementing it differently, but the system has been around since 1988 that sends SMS messages to the phone (compare ND-NOTIS).
The SMS message was used for the first time on December 3, 1992, when Neil Papworth, a 22-year-old test engineer for Sema Group in the UK (now Airwide Solutions), used a personal computer to send "Merry Christmas" text messages via Vodafone's network to Richard Jarvis who was at a party in Newbury, Berkshire that had been held to celebrate the event. Modern SMS text messages are usually messages from one phone to another. Finnish Radiolinja became the first network to offer text messaging service for commercial person-to-person SMS in 1994. When domestic rivals Radiolinja, Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) also launched SMS text messaging in 1995 and two networks offering cross-network SMS Function , Finland became the first country where SMS text messaging is offered competitively as well as commercially. GSM is allowed in the United States and radio frequency is blocked and given to US "Operators" to use US technology. Therefore there is no "development" in the US in mobile messaging services. GSM in the US must use the frequencies allocated for personal communication services (PCS) - the ITU frequency rÃÆ' Â © gime has been blocked for DECT - Enhanced Digital Cordless Telecommunications - 1000-feet range picocell, but persisted. American Personal Communications (APC), the first GSM operator in America, provides the first text messaging service in the United States. Sprint Telecommunications Venture, Sprint Corp. partnership. and three major cable TV companies, own 49 percent of APC. The Sprint venture is the largest single buyer at a government-run spectrum auction that generated $ 7.7 billion in 2005 for PCS licensing. APC operated under the Sprint Spectrum brand name and launched its service on November 15, 1995 in Washington, D.C. and in Baltimore, Maryland. Vice President Al Gore in Washington, D.C. made an initial phone call to launch the network, calling Mayor Kurt Schmoke in Baltimore.
The initial growth of text messages was slow, with subscribers in 1995 sending an average of just 0.4 messages per GSM subscriber per month. One factor in slow SMS retrieval is that operators are slow to set up charging systems, especially for prepaid subscribers, and to eliminate billing fraud, which is possible by changing the SMSC settings on each handset to use other SMSC operators. Over time, this issue was eliminated by instead of billing on the SMSC and by new features in SMSC to allow blocking of foreign mobile users sending messages through it. SMS is available on various networks, including 3G networks. However, not all text messaging systems use SMS; several important implementations of this concept include SkyMail J-Phone and Short Letters NTT Docomo, both in Japan. E-mail messages from mobile phones, such as popularized by i-mode NTT Docomo and RIM BlackBerry, also typically use standard email protocols such as SMTP over TCP/IP. In 2007, text messages were the most widely used mobile data service, with 74% of all mobile users worldwide, or 2.4 billion of 3.3 billion phone subscribers, by the end of 2007 becoming active users of Short Message Services. In countries such as Finland, Sweden, and Norway, over 85% of the population uses SMS. The European average is about 80%, and North America is rapidly capturing more than 60% of active users of SMS by the end of 2008. The largest average use of this service by mobile phone subscribers takes place in the Philippines, with an average of 27 texts sent per day per customer.
Usage
Text messaging is most commonly used among private mobile users, in lieu of voice calls in situations where voice communication is impossible or undesirable (for example, during a school class or work meeting). SMS is also used to deliver very short messages, such as telling someone that you will be late or reminding friends or colleagues about meetings. Like e-mail, informality and brevity have become accepted parts of text messages. Some text messages such as SMS can also be used for remote control of home appliances. It is widely used in domotics systems. Some amateurs have also built their own systems to control (partially) their equipment via SMS. Other methods such as group messaging, patented in 2012 by GM Andrew Ferry, Devin Peterson, Justin Cowart, Ian Ainsworth, Patrick Messinger, Jacob Delk, Jack Grande, Austin Hughes, Brendan Blake and Brooks Brasher were used to involve more than two people into text messaging conversations. SMS Flash is a type of text message that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction and is not automatically stored in the inbox. This can be useful in cases such as emergencies (eg, fire alarms) or confidentiality (for example, a one-time password).
Short messaging services are growing very rapidly around the world. SMS is very popular in Europe, Asia (excluding Japan, see below), USA, Australia and New Zealand and also gaining influence in Africa. Popularity has grown to a sufficient level that the term texting (used as a verb meaning mobile phone user actions sending short messages back and forth) has entered the general lexicon. Asian young people regard SMS as the most popular mobile app. Fifty percent of American teenagers send fifty or more text messages per day, making it their most frequent form of communication. In China, SMS is very popular and has brought significant benefits to service providers (18 billion short messages sent in 2001). It is a very powerful and powerful tool in the Philippines, where the average user sends 10-12 text messages each day. The Philippines itself sends an average of more than 1 billion text messages daily, more than the average annual SMS volume of countries in Europe, and even China and India. SMS is very popular in India, where young people often exchange many text messages, and companies provide warnings, infotainment, news, cricket score updates, train/flight reservations, mobile bills, and banking services via SMS.
SMS became popular in the Philippines in 1998. In 2001, text messages played an important role in ousting former Philippine president Joseph Estrada. Similarly, in 2008, text messaging played a major role in the implications of former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick in an SMS sex scandal. Short messages are very popular among urban youth. In many markets, this service is relatively cheap. For example, in Australia, messages typically cost between $ 0.20 and $ 0.25 to send (some prepaid services charge $ 0.01 between their own phone), compared to voice calls, which cost somewhere between $ 0, 40 and $ 2.00 per minute (generally charged in half-minute blocks). This service is very profitable for service providers. At a normal length of only 190 bytes (including protocol overhead), more than 350 of these messages per minute can be transmitted at the same data rate as ordinary voice calls (9 kbit/s). There are also free SMS services available, which are often sponsored and allow SMS delivery from PCs connected to the internet. Mobile service providers in New Zealand, such as Vodafone and Telecom NZ, provide up to 2000 SMS messages for NZ $ 10 per month. Users on this package send an average of 1,500 SMS messages each month. Text messages have become so popular that agencies and advertisers are now in the text messaging business. Services that provide bulk text messaging are also a popular way for clubs, associations, and advertisers to reach a bunch of fast-paced subscribers.
Research shows that Internet-based messaging will grow on par with the popularity of SMS in 2013, with nearly 10 trillion messages sent through each technology. Services like Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, and Viber have caused a decrease in the use of SMS in the world.
Apps
Microblog
Of the many SMS trends, a system known as microblogging has emerged, consisting of miniature blogs, which are inspired mainly by the tendency of people to write informal thoughts and post them online. They consist of sites like Twitter and China that are equivalent to Weibo (??). In 2016, these two websites are very popular.
Emergency services
In some countries, text messages can be used to call emergency services. In the UK, text messages can be used to call emergency services only after registering with an emergency SMS service. This service is primarily intended for people who, by reason of disability, can not make voice calls. Recently promoted as a means for pedestrians and climbers to call emergency services from areas where voice calls are impossible due to low signal strength. In the US, there are steps to require traditional operators and over-the-top messaging providers to support SMS to 911. In Asia, SMS is used for tsunami warnings and in Europe, SMS is used to inform individuals about an imminent disaster. Since the location of the handset is known, the system can alert everyone in an area not allowed by events to pass through. avalanche. A similar system known as Emergency Alert is used in Australia to inform the public about future disasters via SMS and landline phone calls. These messages can be sent based on the location of the phone or the address where the phone is registered.
Hospital appointment reminder
SMS messages are used in some countries as a hospital appointment reminder. Promise an outpatient clinic that missed the cost of the National Health Service (UK) over Ã,  £ 600 million ($ 980 million) per year SMS messages were considered more cost-effective, faster to deliver, and more likely to receive faster response than letter. A recent study by Sims and colleagues (2012) examined the results of 24,709 scheduled outpatient appointments in mental health services in South-East London. The study found that SMS message reminders can reduce the number of missed psychiatric promises by 25-28%, representing a national annual savings potential of over Ã, £ 150 million.
Commercial use
Short code
The short code is a special phone number, shorter than the full phone number, which can be used for SMS and MMS message addresses from a mobile phone or fixed line. There are two types of short codes: calls and messages.
SMS gateway provider
SMS gateway providers facilitate SMS traffic between business and cellular subscribers, primarily responsible for carrying important mission messages, corporate SMS, content delivery, and entertainment services involving SMS, for example, TV voting. Considering the performance and cost of SMS messages, as well as the level of text messaging services, SMS gateway providers can be classified as resellers of text messaging capabilities from other SMSC providers or offer text messaging capabilities as their own SMSC operators with SS7. SMS message gateway providers can provide gateway-to-mobile (Mobile Terminated-MT) services. Some suppliers can also provide mobile-to-gateway (text-in or Mobile Originated/MO) services. Many operate text-in services on shortcodes or ranges of mobile numbers, while others use lower-cost geographic numbers.
Premium content
SMS is widely used to transmit digital content, such as news notifications, financial information, images, GIFs, logos, and ringtones. Such messages are also known as short messages with premium value (PSMS). Subscribers are charged extra to receive this premium content, and the amount is usually shared between mobile network operators and value-added service providers (VASP), either through revenue share or fixed transportation costs. Services such as 82ASK and Any Question Answered have used the PSMS model to allow rapid response to mobile consumer questions, using expert teams and on-call researchers. In November 2013, amid complaints about unsolicited charges on charges, major mobile carriers in the US agreed to stop billing for PSMS in 45 states, effectively ending its use in the United States.
Outside the United States, premium short messages are increasingly being used for "real world" services. For example, some vending machines now allow payment by sending short messages with premium value, so the cost of purchasing the items is added to the user's phone bill or deducted from the user's prepaid credit. Recently, premium message companies have been criticized by consumer groups because a large number of consumers are issuing huge phone bills. New premium premium or hybrid content types have emerged with the launch of text services websites. These sites allow registered users to receive free text messages when an item they are interested in goes on sale, or when new items are introduced. The alternatives for incoming SMS are based on long numbers (international phone number formats, for example, 44 7624 805000, or geographic numbers that can handle voice and SMS, for example, 01133203040), which can be used in place of short or premium codes-ranks short messages for SMS reception in some applications, such as TV voting, product promotions, and campaigns. Long numbers are available internationally, as well as allowing businesses to have their own numbers, not short codes, which are usually shared across multiple brands. In addition, the long number is a non-premium entry number.
In the workplace
The use of text messaging for work purposes has grown significantly during the mid-2000s (decades). As companies seek competitive advantage, many employees use new technologies, collaborative applications, and real-time messaging such as SMS, instant messaging and mobile communications to connect with teammates and customers. Some practical uses of text messaging include the use of SMS to confirm delivery or other tasks, for instant communication between the service provider and the client (for example, stockbrokers and investors), and to send notices. Some universities have implemented student sms systems and faculty faculty memorials. One example is Penn State. Because text messaging has mushroomed in business, so has rules governing its use. A specific regulation governing the use of text messages in financial services firms involved in shares, equity, and securities trading is Regulatory Notices 07-59, Electronic Communications Controls, December 2007 , issued to member companies by Authorities Regulation of the Financial Industry. At 07-59, FINRA notes that "electronic communication", "e-mail", and "electronic correspondence" can be used interchangeably and may include forms of electronic messages such as instant messaging and text messaging. Industry must develop new technologies to enable companies to archive their employees' text messages.
Security, confidentiality, reliability and speed SMS is one of the most important guarantee industries such as financial services, energy and commodity trading, health care and corporate demand in their mission-critical procedures. One way to guarantee the quality of such text messages is by introducing the SLA (Service Level Agreement), which is common in IT contracts. By providing a scalable SLA, companies can set reliability parameters and manage their high quality of service. Only one of the many SMS apps that proved so popular and successful in the financial services industry is the mobile receipt. In January 2009, the Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) issued Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions discussing the advantages and disadvantages of mobile channel platforms such as Short Message Service (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web, and Secure SMS.
Mobile interaction services are an alternative way of using SMS in business communications with greater certainty. Typical business-to-business applications are telematics and Machine-to-Machine, where two applications automatically communicate with each other. Incident incidents are also common, and staff communication is also another use for B2B scenarios. Businesses can use SMS for important time notifications, updates and reminders, mobile campaigns, content and entertainment apps. Mobile interactions can also be used for inter-consumer interactions, such as media selection and competition, and consumer-to-consumer interaction, for example, with mobile social networks, chat and dating.
Text messaging is widely used in business settings; also, it is used in a number of civil service workplaces and non-governmental organizations. US and Canadian civil services use Blackberry smartphones in the 2000s.
Group text
Group text involves more than two users. In some cases, when one or more people in the offline group text, in airplane mode, or device is turned off, text sent to the group can reveal error messages not passed by the text. Users must be confident that all users online or available in the group receive messages and resend the message will only result in some participants who receive the message multiple times.
Online SMS service
There are more and more websites that allow users to send free SMS messages online. Some websites provide free SMS to promote premium business packages.
Worldwide use
Europe
Europe follows behind Asia in terms of popularity of SMS usage. In 2003, an average of 16 billion messages were sent each month. Users in Spain sent more than fifty messages per month on average in 2003. In Italy, Germany and the UK, the figure is around 35-40 SMS messages per month. In each of these countries, the cost of sending SMS messages varies from EUR0.04-0.23, depending on the payment plan (with many contractual plans including all or some text for free). In the United Kingdom, text messages are charged between Ã, Â £ 0.05-0.12. Surprisingly, France has not taken SMS in the same way, sending just less than 20 messages per user per month per month. France has the same GSM technology as any other European country, so its absorption is not hampered by technical limitations.
In the Republic of Ireland, 1.5 billion messages are sent each quarter, averaging 114 messages per person per month. In the UK more than 1 billion text messages are sent every week. The Eurovision Song Contest organized the first pan-European SMS election in 2002, as part of the voting system (there is also a vote over traditional landline channels). In 2005, the Eurovision Song Contest hosted the largest ever televoting (with SMS and telephone voting). During roaming, when a user connects to another network in a different country from his own country, the price may be higher, but in July 2009, the EU law came into force to limit this price to EUR0.11.
Finnish
Cellular service providers in Finland offer contracts where users can send 1,000 SMS a month for EUR10. In Finland, which has a very high mobile phone ownership rate, some TV channels initiate an "SMS chat", which involves short message delivery to a phone number, and a message will be displayed on the TV. Chat is always moderated, which prevents users from sending offensive material to the channel. The craze evolved into a quiz and strategy game and then a faster game designed for television and SMS control. The game requires the user to register their nickname and send a short message to control the characters on the screen. Messages typically cost from 0.05 to 0.86 Euros, and games may require players to post dozens of messages. In December 2003, the Finnish TV channel, MTV3, put Santa Claus characters in the air by reading text messages sent by viewers. On March 12, 2004, the first interactive TV channel, VIISI, began operations in Finland. However, SBS Finland Oy took over the channel and turned it into a music channel called The Voice in November 2004. In 2006, Finnish Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen made the news when he allegedly broke up with his girlfriend with a text message. In 2007, the first book written only in a text message, Viimeiset viestit ( Last Messages ), was released by Finnish writer Hannu Luntiala. It is about an executive who travels through Europe and India.
United States
In the United States, text messaging is very popular; as reported by CTIA in December 2009, 286 million US customers sent 152.7 billion text messages per month, with an average of 534 messages per customer per month. The Pew Research Center found in May 2010 that 72% of US adult mobile users send and receive text messages. In the US, SMS is often charged to the sender and at the destination, but, unlike a phone call, the call can not be denied or closed. The reasons for lower absorption of other countries vary. Many users have unlimited "mobile-to-mobile" minutes, high monthly minute allocations, or unlimited services. In addition, the "push to talk" service offers instant SMS connectivity and is usually unlimited. The integration between competing providers and the technologies required for cross-network text messaging was initially unavailable. Some providers initially charge extra for sending SMS, reducing its appeal. In the third quarter of 2006, at least 12 billion text messages were sent on AT & amp; T, almost 15% from the previous quarter. In the US, while SMS is especially popular among people from 13-22 years, it is also increasing among adults and business users. The age at which a child receives his first phone has also decreased, making text messaging a popular way of communicating. The amount of text sent in the US has gone up over the years as prices have dropped to an average of $ 0.10 per submitted and received text. To convince more customers to buy unlimited text message packs, some major mobile providers have increased the price for sending and receiving text messages from $.15 to $.20 per message. It's over $ 1,300 per megabyte. Many providers offer unlimited packages, which can result in lower rate per text, with sufficient volume.
Japanese
Japan was one of the first countries to adopt short messages widely, pioneering non-GSM services including SkyMail J-Phone and NTT Docomo Short Letter. The juvenile Japanese first start text messages, because it is a cheaper form of communication than any other form available. Thus, Japanese theorists invent the theory of selective interpersonal relationships, claiming that mobile phones can change social networks among young people (classified as ages 13 to 30). They theorize this age group has a broad but low-quality relationship with friends, and cell phone use can facilitate the improvement of the quality of their relationship. They conclude this age group prefers "selective interpersonal relationships in which they maintain a certain, partial, but rich relationship, depending on the situation." The same study shows that participants value friendships where they communicate face-to-face and through text messages as more intimate than those in which they communicate only face-to-face. This shows participants making new connections with face-to-face communication in the early stages, but using text messages to improve their contacts later. It is also interesting to note that as the relationship between participants gets closer, the frequency of text messages also increases. However, short messages have largely been deemed obsolete by the prevalence of mobile Internet e-mail, which can be sent and received from e-mail, mobile or other addresses. However, while usually presented to the user only as a uniform "mail" service (and most users are not aware of the difference), the carrier may still internally send the content as a short message, especially if the destination is on the same network.
China
Popular and cheap text messages in China. About 700 billion messages were sent in 2007. Spam text messaging is also a problem in China. In 2007, 353.8 billion spam messages were sent, up 93% from a year earlier. This is about 12.44 messages per week per person. It is a routine of the government of the People's Republic of China monitoring text messages across the country for illegal content. Among Chinese migrant workers with little formal education, it is common to refer to SMS manuals when text messages. This manual is published as a cheap, practical, smaller booklet than a pocket that offers a variety of linguistic phrases to use as a message.
Philippines
SMS was introduced to selected markets in the Philippines in 1995. In 1998, Philippine cellular service providers launched a wider SMS across the country, with an initial television marketing campaign targeting users with hearing impairment. The service was initially free with subscriptions, but Filipinos quickly used the feature to communicate for free instead of using voice calls, which will cost you. After the phone companies realized this trend, they started charging for SMS. Tariff between networks is 1 peso per SMS (about US $ 0.023). Even after the user is billed for SMS, the price remains cheap, about a tenth of the price of voice calls. This low price caused about five million Filipinos to have mobile phones in 2001. Due to the very social nature of Filipino culture and affordability of SMS compared to voice calls, the use of SMS is increasing. Filipinos use SMS not only for social messages but also for political purposes, as it allows Filipinos to express their opinions on current events and political issues. It became a powerful tool for Filipinos in promoting or criticizing issues and was a key factor during the 2001 EDSA revolution, which toppled President Joseph Estrada, who was eventually found guilty of corruption. According to 2009 statistics, there are about 72 million cellular service subscriptions (about 80% of the population of the Philippines), with about 1.39 billion SMS messages sent each day. Due to the large number of text messages sent, the Philippines became known as the "text capital of the world" during the late 1990s and early 2000s.
New Zealand
There are three mobile network companies in New Zealand. Spark NZ (officially Telecom NZ), is the first telecommunications company in New Zealand. In 2011, Spark was split into two companies, with Chorus Ltd taking on land infrastructure and Spark NZ providing services including through their mobile network. Vodafone NZ acquired New Zealand's Bellsouth cellular network provider in 1998 and has 2.32 million subscribers as of July 2013. Vodafone launched its first text messaging service in 1999 and has introduced an innovative TXT service such as Safe TXT and CallMe 2degrees Mobile Ltd launched on August 2009. In 2005, about 85% of the adult population had a cell phone. In general, SMS is more popular than making phone calls, because it's considered less disturbing and therefore more polite.
Africa
Text messaging will be the primary revenue driver for mobile network operators in Africa over the next few years. Today, text messages are slowly gaining influence in the African market. One such person uses text messages to spread the word about HIV and AIDS. Also, in September 2009, multi-country campaigns in Africa used text messaging to expose an endless supply of essential medicines at public health facilities and pressured the government to address these issues.
Social effects
The appearance of text messages allows for new forms of interaction that were previously impossible. A person can now engage in conversations with other users without the expected restrictions to reply in a short period of time and without the need to take the time to engage in conversation. With voice calls, both participants must be free at the same time. Mobile users can maintain communications during situations where voice calls are impractical, impossible, or unacceptable, such as during a school class or work meeting. Texting has provided a place for participative culture, allowing viewers to vote in online polls and TV, as well as receive information while they're on the go. Texting can also unite people and create a sense of community through "Smart Mobs" or "Net War", which creates "people power". Research has also proven that text messaging somehow makes social distance larger and can undermine verbal communication skills for many people.
Effect on language
Small phone buttons and typical text message exchange rates have led to a number of spelling abbreviations: as in the phrase "txt msg", "u" (abbreviation for "you"), "HMU", or CamelCase usage, as in "ThisIsVeryLame". To avoid the length of the more restricted messages allowed when using Cyrillic or Greek letters, the speakers of the languages ​​written in the alphabet often use the Latin alphabet for their own language. In certain languages ​​that use diacritical marks, such as Polish, SMS technology creates new written language variants: characters usually written with diacritical marks (eg, ? , , , ? in Polish) is now being written without them (like a , e , s , z ) to enable using a phone without a Polish script or to save space in Unicode messages. Historically, the language was developed from the fast papers used in the bulletin board system and then in the Internet chat room, where users would shorten a few words to allow faster typed responses, although the amount of time saved was often unimportant. However, this is becoming more apparent in SMS, where mobile users have a numeric keyboard (with older phones) or a small QWERTY keyboard (for smartphone era 2010), so it takes more effort to type in each character, and there are sometimes limitations the number of characters that can be sent. In Chinese, numbers that are similar to words are used instead of those words. For example, the number 520 in Chinese ( w? ÃÆ'¨r lÃÆ'ng ) sounds like the words for "I love you" ( w? ÃÆ' i n? ). The sequence 748 ( q? SÃÆ'¬ b? ) sounds like a "go to hell" curse ( qÃÆ'¹ s? Ba ).
Predictive text software, which tries to guess words (Tegic's T9 and also iTap) or letters (LetterWise from Eatoni) reduces time-consuming input work. This makes abbreviations not only less important, but slower to type than the usual words that exist in the software dictionary. However, it makes the message longer, often requiring a text message to be sent in some parts and, therefore, more costs to be sent. The use of text messages has changed the way people talk and write essays, some believe it is dangerous. Children today receive mobile phones at the age of as young as eight years; more than 35 percent of children in second and third grade have their own mobile phones. Therefore, the SMS language is integrated into the way students think from an earlier age than before. In November 2006, the New Zealand Qualifications Authority approved a move that enables high school students to use mobile phone text language in year-end exam papers. The published report, beginning in 2002, the use of the language of text in schoolwork caused some people to be concerned that the quality of written communication is declining, and other reports suggest that teachers and professors are beginning to have difficulty in controlling the problem. However, the idea that widespread or dangerous language of the text is disputed by the research of linguists.
An article in The New Yorker explores how text messages have enslaved some of the world's languages. The use of diacritical marks is dropped in languages ​​like French, as well as symbols in Ethiopian. In his book, Txtng: the Gr8 Db8 (translated as "Texting: the Great Debate"), David Crystal states that texters in all eleven languages ​​use "lol" ("laugh out loud"), "u", "brb" ("be right back"), and "gr8" ("great"), all English-based abbreviations. The use of pictograms and logograms in the text is present in every language. They shorten the word by using symbols to represent words or symbols whose names sound like syllables as in 2 days or b4. This is usually used in other languages ​​as well. Crystal gives some examples in some languages ​​like Italian sei , "six", used for sei , "you". Example: dv6 = dove sei ("where are you") and French k7 = cassette ("casette"). There is also the use of sequence numbers, replacing multiple syllables and creating whole phrases using numbers. For example, in French, a12c4 can be said as ÃÆ' un de ces quatres , "see you around" (literally: "to one of four [days] " ) this. An example of using symbols in sending SMS and borrowing from English is the use of @ . Whenever used in sending messages, the intended use is with English pronunciation. Crystal gives an example of using Welsh from @ in @F , pronounced ataf, which means "for me". In character-based languages ​​like Chinese and Japanese, syllables are given syllables based on a short form of number pronunciation, sometimes English pronunciation of that number. In this way, numbers alone can be used to communicate all parts, as in Chinese, "8807701314520" can literally be translated as "Hug you, kisses kiss you, my whole life, my whole life I love you." English affects text around the world in variation but is still in combination with individual language traits.
American popular culture is also recognized in fast papers. For example, Homer Simpson is translated into: ~ (_8 ^ (|). Crystal also shows that texting has led to more creativity in English, giving people the opportunity to create slang, emoticons, abbreviations, acronyms, etc. Their own sense of individualism and the freedom of making SMS become more popular and a more efficient way to communicate. Crystal has also been quoted as saying that "In a logical world, text messages should not persist." But text messages do not just appear. a messaging system that will send emergency information, but gain immediate popularity with the public What happens next is the SMS we see today, which is a very quick and efficient way to share person-to-person information Richard Ling has pointed out that SMS has dimensions gender and play a role in the development of adolescent identity we send text messages to a small number of others. For most people, half of their texts go to 3 - 5 of its people.
The study by Rosen et al. (2009) found that young adults who use more language-based texts (shortcuts such as LOL, 2nite, etc.) in everyday writing produce less formal writing than young adults who use less linguistic text in writing -day. However, the reverse is true for informal writing. This suggests that perhaps action using text to shorten the words of communication leads young adults to produce more informal writing, which can then help them become better informal writers. Because of text messages, teenagers write more, and some teachers see that comfort with this language can be used to make better writers. This new form of communication can encourage students to incorporate their thoughts and feelings into words and this can be used as a bridge, to make them more interested in formal writing.
Joan H. Lee in his thesis What do txting 2 languages: The effect of exposure to messages and print media on reception barriers (2011) links text message exposure with more rigid acceptance restrictions. This thesis shows that more exposure to everyday language, Text Generation Text from text messages contribute to less accept words. Instead, Lee found that students with more exposure to traditional print media (such as books and magazines) were more receptive to real and fictitious words. The thesis, which garnered the attention of the international media, also provides an overview of the academic literature on the effects of textual messages on language. Texting has also been shown to have no effect or some positive effect on literacy. According to Plester, Wood and Joshi and their research conducted on the study of 88 British children aged 10-12 years and their knowledge of text messages, "the text is phonetic forms" which indicate that "to produce and read such an abbreviation can be spelled out requires a level of phonological awareness (and awareness of orthography) in the child. "
Sending SMS while driving
Sending SMS while driving leads to increased interference behind the wheel and may lead to an increased risk of accidents. In 2006, the Liberty Mutual Insurance Group conducted a survey with more than 900 teenagers from more than 26 national secondary schools. The results show that 87% of students find SMS to be "very" or "very" annoying. A study by AAA found that 46% of adolescents admitted to being disturbed behind the wheel due to SMS. One example of the disturbance behind the wheel is the Chatsworth train collision 2008, which killed 25 passengers. Engineers have sent 45 text messages while operating the train. The 2009 trial with Eddie Alterman's Car and Driver editor (which took place at a quiet airport, for safety reasons) over SMS with drunk driving. Experiments found that sending SMS while driving is more dangerous than getting drunk. While drunk legally adds four legs to Alterman's stop distance when it goes to 70 mph, reading e-mail on the phone adds 36 feet, and sending a text message adds 70 feet. In 2009, the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute released an 18-month research result involving the placement of cameras inside the cabin of more than 100 long haul trucks, which record the driver over a combined driving distance of three million miles. The study concludes that when drivers are sending messages, their risk of falling is 23 times greater than when not sending messages.
Sending SMS while running
Due to the proliferation of smartphones running apps, "sending SMS on the move" or "wexting" is the increasing practice of people who are glued to their mobile devices without looking in any direction except their personal screen as they go. The first reference created in 2015 in New York from clients head clients Rentrak when discussing time spent with media and various media usage metrics. Text messaging among pedestrians leads to increased cognitive impairment and reduced awareness of the situation, and can lead to an increase in unsafe behavior that causes injury and death. Recent studies conducted on mobile usage while walking show that fewer mobile users remember objects while talking, slower runs, changing ways of walking and more unsafe when crossing the road. In addition, some gait analyzes show that the stance phase during overstepping motion, longitudinal and lateral irregularities increased during mobile phone operation but the length of the step and the permit did not; Different analyzes have found an increase in clearance steps and a reduction in step length.
It is unclear which processes may be affected by the disorder, what types of disorders may affect which cognitive processes, and how individual differences may affect the effects of the disorder. Lamberg and Muratori believe that engaging in multiple tasks, such as sending SMS while walking, can interfere with memory work and lead to errors running. Their study shows that participants who engage in text messages can not maintain running speed or retain accurate spatial information, indicating an inability to adequately divide their attention between two tasks. According to them, the addition of texting as it goes with clogged vision increases the demands placed on working memory systems resulting in gait disturbances.
Sending SMS messages on the phone distracts participants, even when the texting tasks used are relatively simple. Stavrinos et al. investigating the effects of other cognitive tasks, such as engaging in conversations or cognitive tasks on the line, and finding that participants have actually reduced visual awareness. This finding is supported by License et al., Who conducted a similar study. For example, pedestrians who send messages may fail to see unusual events in their environment, such as an untreated clown. These findings suggest that tasks requiring the allocation of cognitive resources can affect visual attention even when the task itself does not require participants to divert their eyes from their environment. The act of sending SMS itself seems to disturb the pedestrian visual awareness. It seems that the interruption generated by SMS is a combination of cognitive impairment and visual sight. A study conducted by License et al. supports some of these findings, especially that those who send text while walking significantly change their gait. However, they also found that the adopted path pattern was slower and more "protective", and consequently did not increase barrier contact or tripped in the typical pedestrian context.
There are also technological approaches to increase the security/awareness of pedestrians who are (unintentionally) blind when using a smart phone, for example, using the Kinect or ultrasound phone cover as a virtual white stick, or using a camera inside to analyze a single algorithm, each flow of drawings for obstacles, with Wang et al. proposes to use machine learning to specifically detect incoming vehicles.
Sexting
Sexting is a slang for the action of sending explicit or suggestive sexual content between mobile devices using SMS. The SMS genre, containing text, images, or videos intended to arouse sexual desire. A portmanteau of sex and texting , sexting reported in early 2005 in The Sunday Telegraph Magazine is a trend in the creative use of SMS to excite others with messages luring all day long.
Although sexting often occurs consensually between two people, it can also occur against the wishes of someone who is the subject of the content. A number of events have been reported where the recipients of sex have shared the content of the message with others, with less intimate intentions, such as impressing friends or embarrassing the sender. Celebrities like Miley Cyrus, Vanessa Hudgens, and Adrienne Bailon have been victims of sex abuse. A 2008 survey by the National Campaign to Prevent Teens and Unplanned Pregnancy and CosmoGirl.com suggests trends of other sexting and tempting online content ready to be shared among teenagers. One in five teenage girls surveyed (22 percent) - and 11 percent of girls aged 13-16 years - say that they send electronically, or post online, naked or semi-naked images of themselves. A third (33 percent) of teenage boys and a quarter (25 percent) of teenage girls say they show naked or semi-naked personal pictures. According to surveys, sexually suggestive messages (text, e-mail, and instant messaging) are even more common than images, with 39 percent of teenagers sending or posting such messages, and half teens (50 percent) have received them. A 2012 study that has received extensive international media attention was conducted at the University of Utah's Department of Psychology by Donald S. Strassberg, Ryan Kelly McKinnon, Michael Susta, and Jordan Rullo. They surveyed 606 adolescents ages 14-18 and found that nearly 20 percent of the students said they had sent their sexually explicit pictures via cell phones, and almost twice as many said they had received explicit sexual images. Of those who received such images, more than 25 percent indicated that they had passed them on to others.
In addition, of those who have sent sexually explicit images, more than a third have done so despite the belief that there may be serious laws and other consequences if they are caught. Students who have sent pictures with mobile phones are more likely than others to find acceptable activity. The authors conclude: "These results support educational endeavors such as mobile security assemblies, awareness days, integration into the classroom curriculum and teacher training, designed to raise awareness about the potential consequences of sexting among young people." Sexting becomes a legal issue when adolescents (under 18 years of age) get involved, because any nude photos they send themselves will make the recipient have child pornography.
In schools
Text messaging has affected students academically by creating an easier way to cheat exams. In December 2002, a dozen students were caught cheating on the accounting exams through the use of text messages on their mobile phones. In December 2002, Hitotsubashi University in Japan failed 26 students for receiving an email exams answer on their mobile phone. The number of students caught using cell phones to cheat on the exam has increased significantly in recent years. According to Okada (2005), most Japanese mobile phones can send and receive long text messages between 250 and 3000 characters with graphics, video, audio, and Web links. In the UK, 287 school and college students were excluded from the exam in 2004 for using a cell phone during the exam. Some teachers and professors claim that advanced SMS features can cause students to cheat during the exam. Students in high school and college classrooms use their mobile phones to send and receive text during lectures at high prices. Furthermore, published research has determined that students who text during college have a memory disruption of lecture material compared to students who do not. For example, in one study, the number of irrelevant text messages sent and received during the lecture covering the topic of developmental psychology related to the students' memory of the lecture.
Oppression
Spreading rumors and gossip via text messages, using text messages to bully individuals, or forwarding text containing libelous content is a matter of great concern for parents and schools. Such "bullying" texts can cause damage and damage reputation. In some cases, individuals who are bullied online have committed suicide. Harding and Rosenberg (2005) argue that the urge to forward text messages can be difficult to reject, describing text messages as "loaded weapons".
Influence on student perception
When a student sends an email containing common phonetic abbreviations and acronyms in a text message (for example, "gr8" instead of "great"), it can affect how the student is subsequently evaluated. In a study by Lewandowski and Harrington (2006), participants read student emails sent to a good professor containing text message abbreviations (gr8, How RU?) Or parallel text in standard English (great, How are you?), And then gives the impression of the sender. Students who use abbreviations in their emails are considered to have less favorable personalities and less attempt to write the essays they send along with emails. Specifically, abbreviated users are seen as less intelligent, responsible, motivated, studious, reliable, and hardworking. These findings suggest that the nature of student email communications can influence how others see their students and their work.
Law and crime
Text messaging has become an interesting topic for police forces around the world. One of the issues of concern to law enforcement agencies is the use of encrypted text messages. In 2003, a British company developed a program called Fortress SMS that uses 128 bit AES encryption to protect SMS messages. Police also picked up deleted text messages to assist them in solving crimes. For example, the Swedish police removed the deleted text from a sect member who claimed he committed multiple murders based on the forwarded text he received. Police in Tilburg, the Netherlands, began an SMS alert program, where they would send a message asking people to be alert when a thief wanders or a missing child in their neighborhood. Several thieves have been arrested and children are found using SMS Alerts. This service has grown to other cities. The Malaysian-Australian company has released a multi-layer SMS security program. Boston police are now turning to text messages to help stop crime. The Boston Police Department asked residents to submit texts to create anonymous crime tips.
Under some interpretations of sharia law, husbands can divorce their wives by talaq statements. In 2003, a court in Malaysia upheld a divorce statement sent via SMS.
The Supreme Judicial Court ruled in 2017 that under a state constitution, the police needed a warrant before obtaining access to text messages without consent.
Social unrest
Texting has been used on several occasions with aggressive large aggregate gathering results. SMS messages drew crowds to Sydney's Cronulla Beach which resulted in the 2005 Cronulla riots. Not only text messages were circulating in the Sydney area but in other countries as well ( Daily Telegraph). The volume of text messages and e-mails like that also increases after a riot. The 5000 crowd gradually became violent, attacking certain ethnic groups. Sutherland Shire Mayor directly blames the numerous SMS messages circulating for the riots. The NSW police are considering whether people can be sued for SMS. The retaliatory attack also uses SMS.
The Narre Warren incident, when a crowd of 500 people attended a party at Narre Warren in Melbourne, Australia, and rioted in January 2008, was also a communication response propagated by SMS and Myspace. After the incident, the Police Commissioner wrote an open letter asking young people to realize the power of SMS and the Internet. In Hong Kong, government officials find that text messages are socially helpful because they can send a lot of text to the community. Officials say this is an easy way to contact communities or individuals for meetings or events. Texting was used to coordinate meetings during the 2009 Iran election protests.
Between 2009 and 2012 the US secretly created and funded a Twitter-like service for Cuba called ZunZuneo, originally based on mobile text messaging services and then with an internet interface. The service is funded by the US Agency for International Development through its Transition Initiative Office, which uses contractors and front companies in the Cayman Islands, Spain and Ireland. The long-term goal is to organize "intelligent masses" who may "renegotiate the balance of power between the state and society." A customer database was created, including gender, age, and "political inclination". At its peak, ZunZuneo had 40,000 Cuban users, but the service was closed because it was financially unsustainable when US funding was stopped.
In politics
Text messaging has affected the political world. The American campaign found that text messaging is a much easier and cheaper way to reach out to voters than a door-to-door approach. Mexican elected President Felipe CalderÃÆ'³n launched millions of text messages in the days before his narrow victory over Andres Manuel Lopez ObradÃÆ'³r. In January 2001, Joseph Estrada was forced to resign from the post of president of the Philippines. Popular campaigns against him are widely reported to have been coordinated with SMS chain letters. Massive SMS campaigns are credited with increasing youth participation in Spain's parliamentary elections of 2004. In 2008, Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick and his Chief of Staff at the time became entangled in a sex scandal derived from the exchange of more than 14,000 text messages that eventually led to his resignation , the punishment of perjury, and other accusations. Text messages have been used to reject other political leaders. During the 2004 Democratic National and Republican Convention, protesters used an SMS-based organizing tool called TXTmob to get to the opponent. On the last day before the 2004 presidential election in Romania, a message to Adrian N's ad was broadcast widely, breaking the law banning the day's campaign. Text messaging has helped politics by promoting campaigns.
On January 20, 2001, President Joseph Estrada of the Philippines became the first head of state in history to lose power to an intelligent mob. More than a million Manila residents gathered at the site of a People Power demonstration in 1986, which toppled the Marcos regime. These people have organized themselves and coordinated their actions through text messages. They were able to overthrow the government without resorting to weapons or violence. Through text messages, their plans and ideas are communicated to others and successfully implemented. Also, this move encouraged the military to withdraw their support from the regime, and as a result, the Estrada government fell. People can get together and unite with the use of their phones. "The rapid assembly of the anti-Estrada crowd is the hallmark of intelligent mafia's early technology, and the millions of text messages exchanged by demonstrators in 2001, by all accounts, are key to the corps crowd."
Use in health care
Text messaging is a rapidly growing trend in the field of Health. "One survey found that 73% of doctors sent messages to other doctors about the job - similar to the percentage of the overall population of the text." A 2006 message reminder study sent to children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus showed favorable changes in medication adherence. The risk is that this doctor could violate the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Where messages can be stored to the phone indefinitely, patient information may be subject to theft or loss, and may be seen by others who are not authorized. HIPAA privacy rules require that any text messages involving a medical decision should be available for patients to access, which means that any text not documented in the EMR system could be a HIPAA violation.
Medical issues
Excessive use of thumbs to push buttons on mobile devices has led to a high rate of repetitive strain injury forms called "BlackBerry thumb" (though this refers to the tension developed on older Blackberry devices, which have a scroll wheel on the side of the phone). Inflammation of the tendons in the thumb caused by constant text messaging is also called the text-messaging thumb, or texting of tenosynovitis. Texting has also been linked as a secondary source in various traffic collisions, where police investigations into mobile records have found that many drivers lose control over their cars while trying to send or retrieve text messages. Increased internet addiction cases
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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