Mickey Mouse is a cute animal cartoon character and mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic rat who usually wears red shorts, big yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey is one of the most recognizable characters in the world.
Mickey first appeared in short film Plane Crazy, debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. He went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert (1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940) ). ). Mickey appears mainly in short films, but also occasionally in long films. Ten Mickey cartoons were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of them, Pawami Paw , winning the award in 1942. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively as a comic character. The newspaper strip itself, drawn mainly by Floyd Gottfredson, runs for 45 years. Mickey also appeared in comic books such as Disney Italy Topolino Magazine Mickey Mouse MM and Wizards of Mickey and in such television series such as The Mickey Mouse Club (1955-1996) and others. He also appeared in other media such as video games and merchandising and is a character that can be found in Disney parks.
Mickey generally appears with his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog, Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, and his enemy, Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). Though originally characterized as a mischievous antihero, Mickey changed his name from time to time as a human being, usually seen as a flawed, adventurous hero. In 2009, Disney began rebranding more characters with less emphasis on the fun, cheerful side and reintroducing the more naughty and adventurous side of his personality, beginning with Epic Mickey video game.
Video Mickey Mouse
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"I just hope we never forget one thing - that it's all started by rats."
Mickey Mouse was created as a substitute for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character created by Disney studio for Charles Mintz, a film producer who distributes products through Universal Studios. In the spring of 1928, with a strong series, Disney asked Mintz for a budget increase. But Mintz even demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut, and as a leverage, he reminded Disney that Universal had the character, and revealed that he had signed most of Disney's current employees for his new contract. Angry, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the last Oswald cartoon that he contractually had thanks to Mintz. Disney is disappointed at the betrayal by his staff but is determined to start over from scratch. The new Disney Studios were originally composed of animator Ub Iwerks and faithful apprentice, Les Clark, who along with Wilfred Jackson was one of the few who remained loyal to Walt. One lesson that Disney learns from that experience is to always ensure that he has all the rights to the character his company produces.
In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to begin compiling new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but nothing that appealed to Disney. A cow and a stallion were also rejected. They will then appear as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. A male frog is also rejected. This will later appear in the Iwerks' Flip the Frog series. Walt Disney got his inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a benign mouse on his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some mouse sketches around Walt Disney's picture. It inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney. "Mortimer Mouse" was Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and eventually Mickey Mouse appeared. Actor Mickey Rooney claims that, during the days of Mickey McGuire, he met Walt Disney cartoonists at Warner Brothers studios, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse afterwards. This claim, however, has been denied by the Disney historian Jim Korkis, because at the time of Mickey Mouse's development, Disney Studios has been on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney has never had another office or workspace in Warner Brothers, professionals with Warner Brothers, because Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons are distributed by Universal.
Maps Mickey Mouse
Design
Throughout the previous years, Mickey's design was very similar to Oswald's, except for ears, nose and tail. Ub Iwerks designed Mickey's body outside the circle to make his character simple to live. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believe that this design is part of Mickey's success because it makes it more dynamic and appealing to the audience.
Mickey's circular design is most visible in his ears. In the animation of the 1940s, Mickey's ears animated in a more realistic perspective. Then, they are attracted to always appear in circles no matter which direction Mickey is facing. This makes Mickey easily recognizable to the audience and makes his ears an unofficial personal brand. The circular rule then creates a dilemma for the toy maker that must create a three dimensional Mickey.
In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey's body from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Ward Kimball's colleague praised Moore for being the first animator to break away from Mickey's "rubber hoop," circle design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore "that's how I want Mickey pulled from now on."
Each of Mickey's hands has only three fingers and thumbs. Disney says that this is an artistic and financial decision, explains "Artistically five digits is too much for a mouse.They will look like a bunch of bananas financially, have no extra fingers in each of the 45,000 images that make up six and a half minutes short saving millions of studios. "In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first given a white glove as a way of contrasting with his black hand naturally against his black body. The use of white gloves will prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, especially with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, and Mario.
Mickey's eyes, as illustrated in the Crazy Planes and Gallopin 'Gaucho , are large and white with black outline. In Steamboat Willie the bottom of the black line is removed, although the upper end is still in contrast to its head. Mickey's eyes were then reimagined because they consisted of only small black dots that were originally his pupils, while what was at the top of his eye became the hairline. This proved only when Mickey blinked. Fred Moore then redesigned the eyes into small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of a plain white. The new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of the party program, and in the animation the following year with the release of The Pointer . Mickey is sometimes given his eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things (1953) and on the comic strip, though he does not have eyebrows in his latest appearance.
Some of Mickey's early appearances, especially gloves, and facial characteristics, evolved from the blackface caricature used in the singer's performances.
In addition to Mickey's gloves and shoes, he usually wears only shorts with two large buttons on the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animations, Mickey's shorts were red or blue-green dull. With the appearance of Mickey's color film, the shorts are always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he often still wears red clothing like red bandmaster bands, red overalls ( Cleaners Hours , Boat Builders ), red robes ( Fantasia , Fun and Luxury Free ), red coat ( Squatter Rights , Mickey's Christmas Carol ), or red dress ( Mickey Down Under , The Simple Things ).
Animation history
Debut (1928)
Disney has Ub Iwerks quietly starting to animate new cartoons while still under contract with Universal. The cartoon was directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks is the main animator for short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every short Disney released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also helped Disney during those years. They have signed their contract with Charles Mintz, but he is still in the process of forming his new studio and for now they are still employed by Disney. This short will be their last animation under this rather awkward situation.
Mickey was first seen in a short cartoon playback test on the May 15, 1928, but failed to impress the audience and added insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Despite the disappointment, Walt went on to produce a second short Mickey, The Gallopin 'Gaucho , which was also not released due to a lack of distributors.
Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks returned as head of the animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson, and Dick Lundy. This short is intended as a parody of Buster Keaton Steamboat Bill, Jr. , was first released on May 12th in the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon to be produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus was considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. Willie showcases changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to the big dots) that solidify his performance for later cartoons and in many Walt Disney movies.
The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, led by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, has released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons do not sync sounds throughout the movie. For Willie , Disney has a sound recording with a click track that keeps the musicians ticking. This exact time is seen during the "Turkish in Straw" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instrument. Animated historians have long debated who has served as a composer for the original music of the film. This role has been widely linked to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself is a voice actor for Mickey and Minnie and will remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for a theatrical cartoon. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt voted Mickey again from 1955 to 1959 for the television series "Mickey Mouse Club" at ABC.
The audience at the time of the Steamboat Willie release was reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedy purposes. Sound films or "talkies" are still considered innovative. The first full-length film with a series of dialogs, The Jazz Singer , starred by Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. In one year of success, most US cinemas have installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, in a way, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios are still producing silent products that can not effectively act as Disney competitors. As a result, Mickey will soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding votes for both Mad Playworm and The Gallopin 'Gaucho (which was originally a silent release) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth short Mickey, The Barn Dance , was also put into production; However, Mickey did not really speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity will grow as he continues to be featured in sound cartoons. In 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound form as a result. Unfortunately, the audience did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and in 1930, Felix faded from the screen.
Black and white film (1929-1935)
In Mickey's early films, he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young offender for Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14, 1929) was the first time that Mickey was rejected by Minnie for Pete's sake.
The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time that Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears it in almost all subsequent appearances and many other characters follow. The three lines at the back of Mickey's gloves represent the arrows in the glove that extends from the hand figures, typical of the designs of the gloves of the day.
When the Cat Goes (April 18, 1929), basically a remake of Alice Comedy, "Alice Rattled by Rats", is an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still retain their anthropomorphic characteristics, they are described as ordinary rodents and live with the community of many other mice as a pest at home. Mickey and Minnie will then appear the size of ordinary people in their own settings. In appearance with real humans, Mickey has proved to be about two to three feet tall. The next short mickey is also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) is the only film that describes Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in battle. The Karnival Kid (1929) is the first time Mickey speaks. Before this he just whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were "Hot dogs! Hot dogs!" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey's Follies (1929) introduced the song "Minnie Yoo-Hoo" which will be the theme song for the movie Mickey Mouse for the next few years. The sequence of the song "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" was also later reused with different animated backgrounds as a special acronym only shown at the beginning of the 1930s Mickey Mouse Clubs theater. The Mickey Pluto dog first appeared as a Mickey pet at The Moose Hunt (1931) after appearing as a Minnie dog "Rover" in The Picnic (1930).
The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) is the last film animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks went to start his own studio, which was funded by Disney's P-Powers distributor. Powers and Disney have fallen money because of Disney's distribution deal. That was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney cartoons that Powers made a deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. This departure was considered a turning point in Mickey's career, as did Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest associate and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of some shorts that were released up to this point. The ad for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons is credited as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later, the Disney Company that republished the early cartoons tended to get only credit to Walt Disney.
Disney and his remaining staff resumed production of the Mickey series, and he was finally able to find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. When the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would increase, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have a million members. At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received her first Academy Award nomination, accepted for Mickey's Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the making of Mickey Mouse. Although blocked by the short Silly Symphonies Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences as well, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey. By 1934, Mickey's merchandise had earned $ 600,000.00 a year. In 1935, Disney began to remove the Mickey Mouse Club, due to administrative matters.
Around this time, the story artists at Disney found it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. Because he has grown to be a role model for children, they are limited in the kind of jokes they can make. This caused Mickey to take on more secondary roles in the next few films which made it possible to put more emphasis on other characters. In Orphan's Benefit (August 11, 1934) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who was introduced earlier that year in the series Silly Symphonies. A tantalizing duck will provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and will remain a recurring character in Mickey cartoons.
Color film (1935-1953)
Mickey first appeared in animated colors at the Parade of Nominated Awards in 1932; however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's first official color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert . Technicolor film process is used in film production. Here Mickey held William Tell Overture , but the band was swept by a tornado. It is said that the conductor Arturo Toscanini really liked this short film, after first seeing it, he asked the projector to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third greatest cartoon of all time in an animated professional poll. By coloring and redesigning some of Mickey's, Walt will put Mickey back on top once more, and Mickey will achieve a popularity he never achieved before because the audience now gives him more charm. Also in 1935, Walt will receive a special award from the League of Nations to create Mickey.
However, in 1938, the more maniac Donald Duck would surpass passive Mickey, resulting in a mouse re-design between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity. The second half of the 1930s saw the character of Goofy reintroduced as a regular series. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy will be doing some adventure together. Some of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films, including Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleansers (1937), Loneome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builder (1938), and Mickey's Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey will star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor , nominated for an Academy Award.
Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore who was first spotted at The Pointer (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, Caucasian skin complexion, and a pear-shaped body. At the age of 40, she changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where she used her special pants for the last time in decades, lost her tail, had a more realistic ear that changed with perspective and anatomy different.. But this change will only last for a short time before returning to the " The Pointer ", with the exception of his trousers. In his last theatrical cartoon of the 1950s, he was given an eyebrow, which was removed in a newer cartoon.
In 1940, Mickey appeared in his first feature film, Fantasia . His role as The Sorcerer's Apprentice, which is set to a symphony poem by the same name by Paul Dukas, is probably the most famous film segment and one of Mickey's most iconic roles. The feature segment has no dialogue at all, only music. The apprentice (Mickey), unwilling to do his duty, wields the sorcerer's magic after the sorcerer goes to bed and throws a spell on the broom, which causes the broom to revive and performs the most exhausting task - filling up the deep well using two buckets of water. When the well finally overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, which causes a near flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in a silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who does all the music heard on Fantasia . Mickey is often depicted wearing a red robe and a magic blue hat in merchandising. It was also featured in the Fantasmic climax!, An attraction at the Disney theme park.
After 1940, Mickey's popularity will decline until 1955 reappearance as a childhood television personality every day. Nonetheless, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning the only competitive Academy Award - with Canine's dog companion - for a short subject,
The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse movie series came in 1953 with The Simple Things where Mickey and Pluto went fishing and were pestered by a flock of seagulls.
Television movies and later
In the 1950s, Mickey became better known for his television appearances, especially with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts are relaunched on television series such as Ink & amp; Paint Club , various forms of Walt Disney anthropology television series, and in home video. Mickey returned to the animation theater in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol where Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper .
For decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros. 'Bugs Bunny for the popularity of animation. But in 1988, the two rivals finally shared screen time in Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character has the same amount of screen time on the scene.
Similar to his animated inclusion into a live action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a prominent cameo appearance on 1990's special television The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit frogs. Both are established in the story as old friends. The Muppets have been declared fake and referenced Mickey more than a dozen times since the 1970s. Finally, The Muppets was bought by Walt Disney Company in 2004.
The final short cartoon of the theaters is 2013 Get Horse! which was preceded by 1995 Runaway Brain , while from 1999 to 2004, it appeared in live features to videos like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers and computer animation Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas .
Many Mickey-centered television series, such as ABC's Mickey Mouse Works (1999-2000), Disney Mouse House (2001-2003), Disney Channel
Mickey was recently announced to star in two films. One is based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea exhibited by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centered on Mickey, Donald and Goofy.
Since June 28, 2013, Disney Channel has been airing new 3-minute shorts Mickey Mouse, with animator Paul Rudish at the wheel, combining elements of the early 1920's early thirties with contemporary touches. The creative team behind reboot 2017 DuckTales hopes to have Mickey Mouse in the series, but this idea is rejected by Disney executives.
Voice Actors
Most of Mickey's screen persona is her very shy and falsetto voice. From 1928 onwards, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney was so proud. However, in 1946, Disney became too busy with running the studio to do the usual sound work which meant he could not make Mickey sound regularly anymore. It is also speculated that his smoking habit has damaged his voice for years. After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk Fun and Fancy Free section, Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theater shorts and for television and publicity projects until his retirement in 1977, although Walt would repeat the occasional Mickey sound until he died in 1966, as in his introduction in 1955-1959 The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the Disneyland TV series aired on September 11, 1958 and the Disneyland USA show at Radio City Music Hall from 1962.
Composer Carl W. Stalling was the first to provide a line for Mickey in short 1929 The Karnival Kid . Clarence Nash voiced Mickey in 1934 short as The Dognapper because Walt was traveling in Europe at the time and was not available to record his dialogue for Mickey for that. Along with Disney, J. Donald Wilson and Joe Twerp voted in 1938 on The Mickey Mouse Theaters of the Air . Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in a note produced by Freberg Mickey Mouse's Birthday Party . Alan Young voiced Mickey on the album Disneyland Adaptation Carol Christmas Dickens, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974, which will be the first and only time Alan Young voiced it.
Short film 1983 Mickey's Christmas Carol marks the debut of Wayne Allwine's theater as Mickey Mouse, which was Mickey's official voice from 1977 until his death in 2009. Allwine once told MacDonald something he had told him about voicing Mickey: "Suggestions the main one Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective.He said, 'Remember the kids, you just fill in for the boss.' And that's how he treated Mickey for years, from Walt, and now from Jimmy. "In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, Minnie Mouse's voice since 1986.
Les Perkins performed Mickey's voice in two TV specials, "Down and Out with Donald Duck" and "DTV Valentine", in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey on the 1980s Disney album Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance . He also cast his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse in 1986. Quinton Flynn briefly filled for Allwine as Mickey's voice in several episodes in the first season of Mickey Mouse Works at any time Allwine is not available for recording.
Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is Mickey's current voice. Iwan initially acted as a substitute for Allwine because of his declining health; However, Allwine died before Iwan could meet him and Iwan became the new official voice of the character. Iwan's early recording in 2009 includes work for Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, Disney theme parks and Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show. He immediately replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse TV series . Her first embroidery game video from Mickey Mouse can be heard at Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep . Iwan also became the first voice actor to describe Mickey during the rebranding of Disney characters, giving Mickey's vocal effects in Epic Mickey and his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and remakes of Castle of Illusion . Although Iwan became Mickey's main voice actor, the voice of this character is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series, as producers are looking for a sound that is closer to Walt Disney's portrayal of characters in order to match the vintage look of the series.
Mickey in comic
Mickey first appeared in comics after he appeared in 15 commercial animated cartoons that were commercially successful and easily recognizable to the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with an offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in comic strips. Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic appearance on January 13, 1930. The cute plot was credited to Disney himself, the art for Ub Iwerks and the ink for Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip features a loose adaptation of " Crazy Planes ". Minnie soon became the first addition to the players. The strip was first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, sometimes reprinted in comic books under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island ". The animated historian Jim Korkis wrote, "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continues to draw the gag-a-day format..."
In the early 1930s, after the departure of Iwerks, Disney was originally content to continue scripting strip comics Mickey Mouse, commissioning art for Win Smith. However, Disney's focus was always on animation and Smith was soon commissioned with scripting as well. Smith was apparently dissatisfied with the prospect of having his own script, drawing, and ink series as evidenced by his sudden resignation.
Disney then looked for a replacement among the remaining Studio staff. He chose Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At that time Gottfredson was reportedly excited to work in animation and was somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to convince him that the assignment was only temporary and eventually he would return to the animation. Gottfredson accepted and eventually held this "temporary" task from May 5, 1930, until November 15, 1975.
Walt Disney's final script for the song appeared May 17, 1930. Gottfredson's first task was to complete Disney's storyline beginning on April 1, 1930. The plot was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley . This initial adventure expands the strip players that until now only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who have their first comic appearances in the story are Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete and the broken lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Uncle Minnie's Mortimer Mouse debut. Death Valley narrative followed by Mr. Raincoat and Marauder Eggs, first printed between 22 September and 26 December 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents.
Beginning with two early comic stories, Mickey's versions in animations and comics are thought to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts will continue to focus on comedy, this comic strip effectively combines comedy and adventure. This adventure version of Mickey will continue to appear on comic strips and then comic books along the 20th and into the 21st century.
Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joining the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. In addition to Gottfredson artists to strip for years including Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; authors include Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell and Floyd Norman.
The next artist to leave a mark on the character is Paul Murry at Dell Comics. The first Mickey story appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialist until Murry's first serial for Walt Disney Comics and Story in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for Topolino magazine began revitalizing Mickey in a story that brought back Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories in Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasize Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era some editors and creators have been consciously done to portray a stronger Mickey in the classic adventures of Gottfredson. This renaissance has been pioneered by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and CÃÆ' Â © sar Ferioli.
In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comic magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 in < i> Don Miki in Spanish and Greek Miky Maous .
Mickey is the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.
In 2006, he appeared in Italian fantasy saga Wizards of Mickey .
In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called "Sameer". He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name. Mickey's comics in Egypt were licensed by Disney and published since 1959 by "Dar Al-Hilal" and they were successful, but Dar Al-Hilal stopped publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney. The comic was re-released by "Nahdat Masr" in 2004 and the first edition was sold out in less than 8 hours.
Merchandising
Since its early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to perform in various types of merchandise. Mickey was produced as toys and fancy sculptures, and Mickey's image had graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunch boxes. Much of the responsibility for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen (1892-1949) called "stickler for quality." Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as an important part in Mickey's rise to a star and was named the Disney Legend in 1998. At the 80th anniversary of 2008, Time stated that Mickey Mouse was one of the characters best known in the world, even when compared to Santa Claus. Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3-11 around the world are at least aware of the character.
Mickey is most famously featured in watches and alarm clocks, usually using his hands as the actual hands on the clock face. The first Mickey Mouse watch was produced in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds indicated by the discs below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $ 3.75. Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by companies and other designers for years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and GÃÆ' Â © rald Genta Robert Langdon's fictional character from the Dan Brown novel is said to use Mickey Mouse watches as a reminder of " to keep youthful. "
In 1989, Milton Bradley released an electronic talk game titled Mickey Says , with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as the host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse .
Fisher-Price recently produced a series of animatronic Mickey dolls including "Star Dance Mickey" (2010) and "Rock Star Mickey" (2011).
In total, about 40% of Disney's revenue for consumer products comes from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenue peaking in 1997.
Mickey in the Disney park
As the official mascot of Walt Disney, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney park since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. Like other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by costumed actors who do not speak. In this form, he has participated in countless ceremonies and parades. Popular activities with the guests are meet and pose to be photographed with the mouse. During the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as "a world leader who has bigger ears than me"), Mickey has met with every US President since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.
Mickey also features some special attractions in Disney parks. Mickey's Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land that is a Mickey neighborhood recreation. The building is built in cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's house, Donald Duck's boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet characters.
Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D movie featuring Mickey in the familiar role of the symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema, several short films of Mickey are featured in turns; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie . Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a famous live show featuring Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice. Mickey is also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which is an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently awarded Mickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park, where her figure also stands on Silly Symphony Swings.
In addition to Mickey's apparent presence in the park, many of his images are also subtly included in places that are sometimes unexpected. This phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickey", which involves hidden images in Disney movies, amusement parks, and merchandise.
Mickey in the video game
Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade in the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Eternal Adventure of Mickey Mouse, Mickey Ultimate Challenge and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the Castle of Illusion, Starring Mickey Mouse in Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands ! in Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, Disney's Magical Quest series was ported to Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth-generation debut at Disney's Magic Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, Nintendo GameCube. titles aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays the lead role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as king of Disney Castle and protagonist aide, Sora. King Mickey uses Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to unlock and combat the darkness. Epic Mickey , featuring a darker version of Disney's universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of The Walt Disney Company's effort to reconstruct the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from the creaking clean image of today and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.
Awards and honors
Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. This is Mickey's Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer Pawami Paw (1941), Bribe Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get the Horse! (2013). Among them, Pawami Paw is the only truly award-winning film. In addition, in 1932 Walt Disney received the honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey's creations and popularity.
In 1994, four Mickey cartoons were included in The 50 Greatest Cartoons book which lists the greatest cartoons of all time chosen by animation members. The films are The Band Concert (# 3), Steamboat Willie (# 13), Brave Little Tailor (# 26), and < i> Clock Cleanser (# 27).
On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th birthday, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6925 Hollywood Blvd.
Melbourne (Australia) runs an annual street festival procession of Moomba and designates Mickey Mouse as King Moomba (1977). Although very popular with children, there is controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians want a 'home-grown' option, such as Bill Blinky; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was doing a mouse, the Australian newspaper reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!"
Mickey is Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. He is the first cartoon character to receive honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.
Social impact
Use in politics
In the United States, protest voices are often made to show dissatisfaction with a row of candidates presented at a particular vote or to highlight the inadequacies of certain voting procedures. Since most state electoral systems do not provide blank voting or "No Above" options, most protest votes take the form of names of candidates who are not seriously signed in as a written voice. Mickey Mouse is often chosen for this purpose. As the election watchdog in Georgia observes, "If [Mickey Mouse] does not get a vote in our election, it's a bad election." The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a rewritten candidate came from the mayoral election of New York City in 1932.
The name Mickey Mouse is also known to appear fraudulently on the voter registration list, as in the 2008 US Presidential Election.
Use Pejoratif name Mickey
"Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression that means small time, amateur, or trivial. In England and Ireland, it also means poor quality or imitation. However, in some parts of Australia it can mean good or very good (rhine slang for "grouse"). Examples of the previous two of the three uses include the following:
- In The Godfather Part II, Fredo's justification betrayed Michael is that his orders in the family are usually "Send Fredo away to do this, tell Fredo to go to do that! Let Fredo take care of some clubs night Mickey Mouse somewhere! "as opposed to a more meaningful task.
- In the first episode sitcom 1978-82 Mork & amp; Mindy , Mork states that Pluto is a "planet Mickey Mouse", referring to a future dwarf planet that has the same name as Mickey's pet dog, Pluto. Actually, the planet was named shortly before the dog.
- In 1984, right after the ice hockey game in which Oilford from Wayne Gretzky defeated the New Jersey Devils 13-4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they took a joint action, they ruined the entire league. stop running Mickey Mouse organization and put someone on the ice â € "Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devil fans wore Mickey Mouse outfits as Oilers returned to New Jersey.
- In the Warner Bros. movie. 1993 Demolition Man , when Sylvester Stallone's character against AI is not working properly out of control of a police car, he shouts for the "Brake! Brake!" System. Brake now, you Mickey Mouse Pieces! "
- In the Warner Bros. movie. 1996 Space Jam , Bugs Bunny lightly commented on Daffy Duck's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization will name the team" The Ducks? '"(This also refers to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made movie" The Mighty Ducks. "This refers to the Disney/Warner Brothers competition.)
- In the US armed forces, actions that look good but little or no practical use (such as the special way of making beds in basic training or polishing of brass equipment on a ship) are often referred to as "Mickey Mouse Works." >
- In school, "Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or "Mickey Mouse degree" are classes, majors, or degrees where very little effort is required to achieve good grades (especially A) or at where such classroom subject matter is not important in the labor market.
- Musicians often refer to movie scores that directly follow every action on screen such as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing ).
- The Microsoft software company has been referred to as "Mickeysoft".
- In the early 1980s, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament the "Mickey Mouse Parliament", which meant an uninterrupted discussion club.
- In the British sitcom Red Dwarf, in the episode "Quarantine", after the team's under-standard equipment almost makes them lose their lives, Lister points out, "We're really Mickey Mouse operations, are not you?" The cat replied, "Mickey Mouse? We're not even Betty Boop!"
- The combined course on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the US F1 Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as "Mickey Mouse" because of its unattractive slow angle, and the lack of a challenging angle.
Parodies and criticism
Mickey Mouse's global fame has made it a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey is often used in anti-American satire, such as the famous underground cartoon " Mickey Mouse in Vietnam " (1969). There is a lot of parody from Mickey Mouse, like Will Elder's 2-page "Mickey Rodent" parody (published in Mad # 19, 1955) where the mouse walks around unshaven and prison Donald Duck is jealous of the popularity of the bigger ducks. Rat Fink's terrible character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth for his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In Simpsons Movie Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to emulate Mickey Mouse and says: "I am the mascot of a bad company!" In the Comedy Central series of South Park, Mickey is portrayed as the sadistic, greedy, and mouthed corporate boss of Walt Disney, interested only in money. He also appeared briefly with Donald Duck in the Squeak the Mouse comic by Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli.
In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse disensiti as Dickey Dragon.
Legal issues
Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse not only owns copyrights but also trademarks, which last for as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, does a particular Disney cartoon get into the public domain, the character itself should not be used as a trademark without authorization.
Because of the Copyright Renewal Act of the United States (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' due to extensive lobbying by Disney companies) and similar laws in the EU and other jurisdictions where copyright provisions have been extended, such as the original Mickey Mouse cartoon will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some copyright experts believe that Disney's copyright at the earliest version of the character may be invalid because of the ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie .
The Walt Disney Company has become famous for protecting its trademark on the character Mickey Mouse - which is closely related to the company - with a certain passion. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three child care centers in Florida because Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters were painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and Universal Studios rivals replaced them with Universal cartoon characters.
Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
In 1971, a group of underground cartoons called themselves Air Pirates, after a group of villains from the earliest Mickey Mouse movie, produced a comic called Water Pirates Funnies. In the first edition, cartoonist Dan O'Neill described Mickey and Minnie Mouse involved in explicit sexual behavior and taking drugs. As O'Neill explains, "The air pirates are... some kind of weird concept to steal the air, plow the air, steal the media.... Because we're cartoonists, the logical thing is Disney." Instead of changing the appearance or the character's name, which O'Neill feels will melt the parody, the mouse described in the Water Pirates Funnies looks like and is named "Mickey Mouse". Disney was sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $ 1.9 million. The outcome of this case is still controversial among supporters of freedom of speech. New York Law School professor, Edward Samuels, said, "[The Air Pirates] set a parody back twenty years."
Sensor
In 1930, the German Film Censorship Board banned every presentation of the Mickey Mouse cartoons of The Barnyard Battle (1929). The short animation, which features a mouse as a wearing warrior who fights a cat foe with a German-style helmet, is viewed by the censors as a negative image of Germany. Claimed by the council that the film will "revive the latest anti-German feeling that has been abroad since the War". The Barnyard Battle incident did not trigger the broader anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930; However, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later, the Nazi regime firmly propagated against Disney. A German newspaper article in the mid-1930s reads:
"Mickey Mouse is the saddest ideals ever revealed... Healthy emotions tell every self-sustained young man and every respectable teen that dirty and dirt-covered fleas, the largest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, can not be the ideal animal type..Away with the brutalization of the Jews! Get off with Mickey Mouse! Wear Swastika Cross! "
American cartoonist and author, Art Spiegelman, will later use this excerpt on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus .
In 1935, the Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse movies from cinemas, supposedly afraid that children would be "afraid to see ten-foot rats in the cinema". In 1938, on the recommendation of the Ministry of Popular Culture that it was necessary to reform "to raise children in the fervor and imperialism of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned the literature of foreign children except Mickey; The Disney character was released from the decree for the "recognized artistic award" of Disney's work. In fact, Mussolini's children liked Mickey Mouse, so they postponed the ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced the Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. The stories of Mickey are replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino , new human characters created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the fall of the Italian fascist government in 1945, the ban was abolished.
Movieography
Mickey has been announced to star in two films. One is a live-action/CGI hybrid movie based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea exhibited by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centered on Mickey, Donald and Goofy.
Short selected movies
Full-length movie
- Hollywood party (cameo, 1934)
- Fantasia (1940)
- Fun and Luxury Free (1947)
- Who is Framing Roger Rabbit (cameo, 1988)
- Stupid Movie (cameo, 1995)
- Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
- Fantasia 2000 (1999)
- Magical Christmas Mickey (2001)
- Mickey's Virgin House (2002)
- Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
- Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Television series
- Mickey Mouse Club (1955-1959; 1977-1979; 1989-1994)
- Mickey Mouse Works (1999-2000)
- Disney Puppet House (2001-2003)
- Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006-2016)
- Mickey Mouse (2013-current)
- Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017-present)
See also
- Theater Mickey Mouse of the Air , radio program aired in 1938
- Mickey's celebration, Mickey Mouse benign statue as tall as 2 feet (0.61 m), 100 pounds (45 kg), 24 carat gold original Mouse
- Mickey Mouse Adventures , a short comic starring Mickey Mouse as his protagonist
- The Mickey Mouse universe, a phenomenon that has spawned the Mickey Mouse series and other related characters
- The Mouse Museum, a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia associated with Mickey Mouse
- Walt Disney (PBS 2015 Movies)
- Mickey Mouse Protection Act January 1, 2024, the first Mickey Mouse cartoon, Steamboat Willie , will go into the public domain
References
Bibliography
- Korkis, Jim (November 30, 2012). Who is afraid of the South Song of Songs? . Theme Park Press. ISBN: 0984341552.
External links
- Disney Mickey Mouse character page
- Mickey Mouse at INDUCKS
- Mickey Mouse on IMDb
- Campaign Site Mickey Mouse (archived on August 3, 2008)
- Wayne Allwine - Telegraph Daily Obituary
- Retake comic strip Mickey Mouse in Syndication Kreator
- Mickey Mouse in Toonopedia Don Markstein. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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