SMS ( instant messaging service ) is a text messaging service component of most phone systems, internet, and mobile devices. It uses standard communication protocols to allow mobile devices to exchange short text messages. An intermediate service can facilitate text-to-voice conversion to send to home phones. SMS is the most widely used data application, with an estimated 3.5 billion active users, or about 80% of all mobile subscribers, by the end of 2010.
SMS, as used in modern devices, is derived from radio telegraphy in a radio memo pager that uses standard telephone protocols. It was defined in 1985 as part of the Global systems standard for Mobile Communications (GSM). The protocol allows users to send and receive messages of up to 160 alphanumeric characters to and from GSM phones. Although most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support for services has been extended to include other mobile technologies, such as the ANSI CDMA network and AMPS Digital.
SMS is also used in mobile marketing, a type of direct marketing. According to one market research report, by 2014, the global SMS messaging business is estimated to be worth more than $ 100 billion, accounting for nearly 50 percent of all revenue generated by mobile messaging.
Video SMS
History
Initial
Added text messaging functionality to mobile devices starting in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the GSM CEPT Group was approved in December 1982, requesting that "Services and facilities offered on the public telephone and public data networks... should be available in a cellular system." These plans include the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via the messaging handling system used at the time.
The SMS concept was developed in French-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert. GSM is optimized for the phone, as it is identified as its primary application. The main idea for SMS is to use this phone-optimized system, and to send messages on the signal path needed to control phone traffic during the period when there is no signal traffic. In this way, unused resources in the system can be used to send messages at minimal cost. However, it is necessary to limit the length of the message to 128 bytes (later upgraded to 160 seven-bit characters) so messages can fit into existing signaling formats. Based on his personal observations and on the typical length analysis of postcard and Telex messages, Hillebrand argues that 160 characters is sufficient to express most messages in a nutshell.
SMS can be implemented in any mobile station by updating the software. Therefore, a large base of terminals and SMS-enabled networks exist when people start using SMS. The new network element required is a dedicated short message service center, and an increase is required for radio capacity and transport network infrastructure to accommodate the growing SMS traffic.
Initial development
SMS technical development is a multinational collaboration that supports the framework of the standard body. Through these organizations, the technology is available for free worldwide.
The first proposal that initiated the development of SMS was made by German and French contributions to the GSM group meeting in February 1985 in Oslo. This proposal is further elaborated in the GSM Sub-Services of WP1 (Chairman Martine Alvernhe, France Telecom) based on contributions from Germany. There was also a preliminary discussion on aspects of the WP3 subgroup network headed by Jan Audestad (Telenor). The results were approved by the main GSM group in the June '85 document that was distributed to the industry. The input document on SMS has been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand (Deutsche Telekom) with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert (France TÃ © Ã © lÃÆ'Â © com). The definitions brought by Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert into GSM call for the provision of message transmission services from alphanumeric messages to "recognition" mobile users. The last three words change the SMS into something much more useful than the prevailing message that might be in the mind of GSM.
SMS is considered in the main GSM group as a possible service for a new digital cellular system. In the GSM document " Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System, " short messages originating from mobile phones and ending in mobile phones appear on the GSM teleservices table.
Discussion about GSM services concluded in GSM 02.03 " TeleServices is supported by GSM PLMN. " Here the basic description of the three services is given:
- Cell-ended messages (SMS-MT)/Point-to-Point: the network's ability to send Short Messages to mobile phones. Messages can be sent by phone or by software application.
- Short message coming from mobile (SMS-MO)/Point-to-Point: networking ability to send Short Messages sent by mobile phone. Messages can be sent to the phone or to a software application.
- Short message cell broadcast.
The material described in the GSM and WP1 subgroups submitted in spring 1987 to a new GSM body called IDEG (Data Implementation and Telematic Services Experts Group), which was kickoff in May 1987 under the leadership of Friedhelm Hillebrand (Germany Telecom). The currently known technical standards are mostly made by IDEG (later WP4) as two recommendations of GSM 03.40 (two pointed-to-point services combined) and GSM 03.41 (cell broadcast).
WP4 makes Messaging Group Drafting (DGMH), which is responsible for SMS specification. Finn Trosby from Telenor leads the draft group through the first 3 years, in which SMS design is established. DGMH has five to eight participants, and Finn Trosby mentions as major contributors to Kevin Holley, Eija Altonen, Didier Luizard and Alan Cox. The first action plan mentions for the first time Technical Specification 03.40 "Technical Realization of Short Message Service". The responsible editor is Finn Trosby. The first and very imperfect draft of the technical specifications was completed in November 1987. However, a useful concept for the factory was followed at a later stage in the period. A comprehensive description of the work in this period is given in.
The work on draft specifications continues in the next few years, in which Kevin Holley of Cellnet (now TelefÃÆ'³nica O2 UK) plays a major role. In addition to the completion of the main specifications of GSM 03.40, detailed protocol specifications on the system interface also need to be resolved.
Support in other architectures
The Mobile Application Section (MAP) of the SS7 protocol includes support for transporting Short Messages through the Core Network from its inception. Phase 2 MAP Support expands for SMS by introducing a separate operating code for Short Stop Mobile Cellular transport. Since Phase 2, there has been no change to the Short Message operation pack in MAP, although other operating packages have been upgraded to support CAMEL SMS control.
From 3GPP Release 99 and 4 and beyond, CAMEL Phase 3 introduces the ability for Intelligent Network (IN) to control aspects of the Short Message Service Derived Mobile Phone, while CAMEL Stage 4, as part of the 3GPP 5 Release and so on, provides the IN with the ability to control services Terminated Mobile. CAMEL allows gsmSCP to block sending (MO) or sending (MT) Short Messages, route messages to destinations other than those specified by users, and perform real-time billing for service use. Prior to the standard CAMEL control of Short Message Services, the IN control relies on vendor-specific extension switches to the Intelligent Network Application Section (INAP) of SS7.
Initial implementation
The first SMS message was sent via Vodafone's GSM network in the UK on December 3, 1992, from Neil Papworth of Sema Group (now Mavenir Systems) using a personal computer for Richard Jarvis of Vodafone using Orbitel 901 handset. The text of the message was "Merry Christmas."
The first commercial deployment of the short message service center (SMSC) was by Aldiscon part of Logica (now part of Acision) with Telia (now TeliaSonera) in Sweden in 1993, followed by Fleet Call (now Nextel) in the US, Telenor in Norway and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK) later in 1993. All the first SMS gateway installations are for network notifications sent to mobile phones, usually to inform voicemail messages.
The first commercially available SMS service was offered to consumers as a person-to-person text messaging service by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa) in Finland in 1993. Most of the early GSM mobile phone handsets did not support the ability to send SMS text messages, and Nokia is the only handset manufacturer whose total GSM phone line in 1993 supports sending SMS text messaging users. According to Matti Makkonen, the inventor of SMS text messaging, Nokia 2010, released in January 1994, is the first phone to support the compilation of SMS with ease.
The initial growth was slow, with customers in 1995 sending an average of just 0.4 messages per GSM subscriber per month. One factor in slow SMS retrieval is that operators are slow to set up charging systems, especially for prepaid subscribers, and eliminate possible fraudulent billing by changing SMSC settings on individual handsets to use other SMSC operators. Initially, networks in the UK only allow customers to send messages to other users on the same network, limiting the usefulness of the service. This restriction was lifted in 1999.
Over time, this issue is eliminated by switching bills instead of billing on SMSC and with new features in SMSC to allow blocking of foreign mobile users from sending messages through it. By the end of 2000, the average number of messages reached 35 per user per month, and on Christmas Day 2006, more than 205 million messages were sent in the UK alone.
Text messaging outside of GSM
SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, but is now available on various networks, including 3G networks. However, not all text messaging systems use SMS, and some popular alternative concept applications include J-Phone SkyMail and NTT Docomo Short Letter , both in Japan. Email messages from mobile phones, such as those popularized by i-mode NTT Docomo and RIM BlackBerry, also typically use standard email protocols such as SMTP over TCP/IP.
SMS today
In 2010, 6.1 trillion (6.1 ÃÆ'â € "10 12 ) SMS text messages were sent. This means an average of 193,000 SMS per second. SMS has become a major commercial industry, generating $ 114.6 billion globally in 2010. The global average price for SMS messages is US $ 0.11, while the cellular network charges an interconnection fee of at least US $ 0.04 each connecting between different telephone networks.
By 2015, the cost of sending SMS in Australia is $ 0.00016 per SMS.
In 2014, Cactus Group developed the world's first SMS-based voter registration system in Libya. So far, more than 1.5 million people have signed up using the system, giving Libyan voters unprecedented access to the democratic process.
Although SMS is still a growing market, traditional SMS is becoming increasingly challenged by Internet Protocol-based messaging services such as iMessage Apple Inc., Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber, WeChat (in China) and Line (in Japan), available on smartphones with data connection. It has been reported that over 97% of smartphone owners use alternative messaging services at least once a day. However, in the US, this Internet-based service is not so popular, and SMS continues to be very popular there. One reason is that three American carriers have offered free SMS with almost all phone bundles since 2010, in stark contrast to Europe where the cost of SMS is expensive.
Enterprise SMS-messaging, also known as application-to-peer messaging (A2P Messaging) or SMS 2 directions, continues to grow steadily at 4% per year. The Company's SMS app is primarily focused on CRM and delivers highly targeted service messages like packet delivery notifications, real-time notification of credit/debit card purchase confirmations to protect against fraud, and appointment confirmation. Another major source of A2P message volume growth is a two-step verification (or referred to as 2-factor authentication) process in which users are sent a one-time access code via SMS and then asked to enter the passcode online to verify their identity.
SMS Activation
SMS forgiveness allows individuals to send SMS to a business phone number (traditional landline) and receive SMS in return. Providing customers with the ability to send text to phone numbers allows organizations to offer new services that deliver value. Examples include chat bots, and text that enables customer service and call centers.
Maps SMS
Technical details
GSM
The Short Message Service - Point to Point (SMS-PP) - was originally defined in the GSM recommendation 03.40, which is now retained in 3GPP as TS 23.040. GSM 03.41 (now 3GPP TS 23.041) defines the Short Messaging Service - Cellular Broadcast (SMS-CB) , which allows messages (advertisements, public information etc.) Broadcast to all mobile users in a certain geographic area.
Messages are sent to a short message service center (SMSC), which provides a "save and hold" mechanism. This tries to send a message to the SMSC recipients. If the recipient is unreachable, the SMSC will send the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide "advanced and forgotten" options where the transmission is only tried once. Both phones are discontinued (MT, for messages sent to mobile handsets) and originating phones (MO, for those sent from mobile handsets) are supported. Message delivery is "best effort," so there is no guarantee that a message will actually be delivered to the recipient, but overall message delays or loss are uncommon, typically affecting less than 5 percent of messages. Some providers allow users to request delivery reports, either via SMS settings of most modern phones, or with prefix of any message with * 0 # or * N #. However, the exact meaning of confirmations varies from reaching the network, being queued to send, send, receive confirmation of receipts from target devices, and users are often not informed of the specific types of success reported.
SMS is a no-state communication protocol in which each SMS message is considered completely independent of other messages. Company apps using SMS as a communication channel for stateful dialog (where MO reply messages are paired to a specific MT message) requires management of managed sessions external to the protocol.
Message size
Short message transmission between SMSC and handset is done every time using Mobile Application Part (MAP) of SS7 protocol. Messages are sent with MAP MO- and MT-ForwardSM operations, whose cargo length is limited by the signaling protocol limit of up to 140 bytes (140 bytes * 8 bits/bytes = 1120 bits). Short messages can be encoded using various alphabets: standard 7-bit GSM alphabet, 8-bit data alphabet, and 16-bit UCS-2 alphabet. Depending on which alphabet the customer has configured in the handset, this leads to a maximum individual short message size of 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. Support 7-bit GSM alphabet is mandatory for GSM handsets and network elements, but characters in languages ​​such as Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, or Cyrillic alphabet (eg, Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc.) should be encoded using the UCS-2 16-bit character encoding (see Unicode). Routing data and other metadata is in addition to the payload size.
Larger content (concatenated SMS, multipart or segmented SMS, or "long SMS") can be sent using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a User Data Information (UDH) containing segmentation information. Since UDH is part of the payload, the number of characters available per segment is lower: 153 for 7-bit encoding, 134 for 8-bit encoding and 67 for 16-bit encoding. The receiving handset is then responsible for rearranging the message and presenting it to the user as a long message. While the standard theoretically allows up to 255 segments, 6 to 8 message segments are the maximum practical, and long messages are often billed as the equivalent of multiple SMS messages. Some providers offer long-term pricing schemes for messaging, although these types of price structures quickly disappear.
Gateway providers
SMS gateway providers facilitate SMS traffic between business and cellular subscribers, including corporate SMS, content delivery, and entertainment services involving SMS, e.g. Voting TV. Considering the performance and cost of SMS messages, as well as the level of messaging services, SMS gateway providers can be classified as aggregators or SS7 providers.
The aggregator model is based on several agreements with mobile operators to exchange two-way SMS traffic in and out of SMSC operators, also known as "local termination models". Aggregator does not have direct access to the SS7 protocol, which is a protocol where SMS messages are exchanged. SMS messages are sent to SMSC operators, but not subscriber handsets; SMSC handles further message handling over the SS7 network.
Other types of SMS gateway providers are based on SS7 connectivity to route SMS messages, also known as "international termination models". The advantage of this model is the ability to route data directly over SS7, which provides total control and full path provider visibility during SMS routing. This means SMS messages can be sent directly to and from the recipient without having to go through SMSC from other mobile carriers. Therefore, it is possible to avoid delays and loss of messages, offering guaranteed full delivery of messages and optimized routing. This model is very efficient when used in mission-critical messages and SMS used in corporate communications. In addition, the SMS gateway provider provides a branded SMS service with masking but after the abuse of this gateway, most state governments have taken serious steps to block this gate.
Interconnection with other networks
The Message Services Center communicates with the Public Ground Network (PLMN) or PSTN through Interworking and MSC Gateway.
Messages originating from customers are transferred from the handset to the service center, and may be intended for mobile users, fixed network subscribers, or Value Added Service Providers (VASP), also known as discontinued applications. Messages that end customers are transported from the service center to the destination handset, and may come from mobile users, from fixed network subscribers, or from other sources such as VASPs.
On some carriers, nonsubscribers users can send messages to subscribers' phones using the Email-to-SMS gateway. In addition, many operators, including AT & amp; T Mobility, T-Mobile USA, Sprint, and Verizon Wireless, offer the ability to do this through their respective websites.
For example, AT & amp; T whose phone number 555-555-5555 will receive mail addressed to 5555555555@txt.att.net as a text message. Customers can easily reply to this SMS message, and SMS replies are sent back to the original email address. Sending emails to free SMS to sender, but the recipient is subject to standard shipping charges. Only the first 160 characters of email messages can be sent to the phone, and only 160 characters can be sent from the phone. However, longer messages can be broken down into several texts, depending on the phone service provider.
A fixed-line phone with text enabled is required to receive messages in text format. However, messages can be sent to inactive phones using text-to-speech conversions.
Short messages can send binary content such as ringtones or logos, as well as Over-the-air (OTA) programs or configuration data. Such use is vendor-specific extension for GSM specification and there are some competing standards, although Nokia Smart Messaging is commonly used. An alternative way to send such binary content is the EMS message, which is standardized and does not depend on the vendor.
SMS is used for M2M communication (Machine to Machine). For example, there are LED display machines controlled by SMS, and some vehicle tracking companies use SMS for their transportation needs or data telemetry. The use of SMS for this purpose is slowly being replaced by the GPRS service because the overall cost is lower. GPRS is offered by smaller telecom players as SMS text messaging routes to reduce SMS costs internationally.
AT command
Many mobile and satellite transceiver units support sending and receiving SMS using a long version of the Hayes command set, a special command language originally developed for Hayes Smartmodem 300-baud modem in 1977.
Connection between terminal equipment and transceiver can be realized with serial cable (for example, USB), Bluetooth link, infrared link, etc. Common AT commands include AT CMGS (sending messages), AT CMSS (sending messages) from storage), AT CMGL (message list) and AT CMGR (read messages).
However, not all modern devices support message reception if message store (eg device's internal memory) can not be accessed using AT commands.
Short message with premium value
Short messages can be used normally to provide premium rate services to subscribers from the telephone network.
Mobile phone short messages can be used to deliver digital content such as news notifications, financial information, logos, and ringtones. The first premium tariff media content sent via the SMS system was the world's first commercially available, world-first downloadable ringtone, launched Saunalahti (later Jippii Group, now part of Elisa Grous), in 1998. Initially, only Nokia branded phones were available handle them. In 2002, the global ring tone business has surpassed $ 1 billion in service revenues, and nearly US $ 5 billion in 2008. Today, they are also used to pay for smaller online payments - for example, for file-sharing services, at mobile app store, or VIP entrance door. Outside of the online world, one can buy bus or beverage tickets from ATMs, pay for parking tickets, order store catalogs or some items (eg, DVD discount movies), donate to charity, and more.
Messages with a premium rating are also used in the Donor Message Service to raise money for charities and foundations. DMS was first launched on April 1, 2004, and is very popular in the Czech Republic. For example, the Czechs sent more than 1.5 million messages to help South Asia recover from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
Value-added service providers (VASP) provide content for sending messages to SMSC mobile operators using TCP/IP protocols such as short message peer-to-peer protocol (SMPP) or External Machine Interface (EMI)). SMSC sends text using the Normally Terminated mobile delivery procedure. Customer is charged extra to receive this premium content; revenue is usually shared between mobile network operators and VASP either through revenue sharing or fixed transportation costs. Submission to SMSC is usually handled by third parties.
Short messages from mobile can also be used in a premium-rated way for services like televoting. In this case, the VASP that provides the service obtains a short code from the telephone network operator, and the customer sends the text to that number. Payments to operators vary by operator; the largest paid percentage on premium SMS service at the lowest price. Most information providers should expect to pay about 45 percent of the premium SMS charges up front to the carrier. Text submission to SMSC is identical to standard MO short message delivery, but once the text is in the SMSC, the Service Center (SC) identifies the Short Code as a premium service. SC will then direct the text message content to VASP, usually using IP protocols such as SMPP or EMI. Subscribers are charged a premium fee for the delivery of these messages, with revenues typically shared between network operators and VASP. Short codes work only in one country, they are not international.
The alternatives for incoming SMS are based on long numbers (international number formats, such as "44 762 480 5000"), which can be used instead of short codes for SMS reception in some applications, such as TV voting, product promotions and campaigns. Long numbers work internationally, allowing businesses to use their own numbers, rather than short codes, that are usually shared across multiple brands. In addition, the long digit is a nonpremium entry number.
Threaded SMS
Threaded SMS is a visual styling orientation of SMS message history that organizes messages to and from contacts in chronological order on a single screen. It was first discovered by a developer working to implement a SMS client for BlackBerry, which sought to use the remaining blank screens below messages on a device with a larger screen capable of displaying far more than the usual 160 characters, and was inspired by the Scratch Threaded conversation in the email. Visually, this representation style provides an alternate chat history for each individual contact. Hierarchical-threading at the level of the conversation (as is typical on blogs and on-line message boards) is not widely supported by SMS message clients. This limitation is due to the fact that no session identifiers or subject lines are forwarded back and forth between messages sent and received in the data header (as specified by the SMS protocol) from which the client device can correctly send incoming messages to special dialogs, or even for a specific message in the dialog. Most text messages-smart phone clients are able to create some contextual "group message" repetitions that narrow the context of the thread around shared interests shared by group members. On the other hand, advanced corporate messaging applications that push messages from remote servers often feature dynamically changed numbers (some numbers used by the same sender), used in conjunction with the sender's phone number to create session tracking capabilities similar to the functionality that provided cookies for web browsing. As one seeping example, this technique is used to extend the functionality of many Instant Messenger (IM) applications in such a way that they can communicate via two-way dialogue with a much larger SMS user base. In the case where some number of replies are used by the company's server to maintain the dialogue, the editing of the visual conversations on the client can be split into several threads.
SMS Application-to-Person (A2P)
Although SMS reaches its popularity as a person-to-person messaging, other types of SMS are growing rapidly: application-to-person messaging (A2P). A2P is a type of SMS sent from the customer to the application or sent from the application to the customer. These are typically used by financial institutions, airlines, hotel booking sites, social networks, and other organizations that send SMS from their systems to their customers.
In the US, A2P messages should be sent using short codes rather than standard length codes.
Satellite phone network
All commercial satellite phone networks except ACeS and OptusSat support SMS. While the initial Iridium handset only supports incoming SMS, the next model can also send messages. The price per message varies for different networks. Unlike some mobile phone networks, there is no additional cost to send international SMS or send one to a different satellite phone network. SMS can sometimes be sent from an area where the signal is too poor to make a voice call.
Satellite phone networks usually have web-based or email-based SMS portals where one can send free SMS to a phone on a particular network.
Unreliable
Unlike custom messaging systems such as the Simple Network Paging Protocol and the Motorola ReFLEX protocol, sending SMS messages is not guaranteed, and many implementations do not provide a mechanism through which the sender can determine whether SMS messages have been delivered in a timely manner. SMS messages are generally treated as traffic with lower priority than sound, and studies show that about 1% to 5% of messages are completely lost, even during normal operating conditions, and others may not be delivered until long after their relevance has passed. The use of SMS as an emergency notification service in particular has been questioned.
Vulnerability
The Global Services for Cellular Communications (GSM), with the largest number of users worldwide, succumbs to some security vulnerabilities. In GSM, only airway traffic between Mobile Station (MS) and Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is optionally encrypted with weak and damaged flow ciphers (A5/1 or A5/2). Unilateral authentication and also vulnerable. There are also many other vulnerabilities and security flaws. Such vulnerabilities are attached to SMS as one of the flagship services and tested by global availability in GSM networks. SMS messages have some additional security vulnerabilities due to store-and-forward features, and fake SMS issues that can be done over the Internet. When roaming users, SMS content passes through various networks, may include the Internet, and is exposed to various vulnerabilities and attacks. Another concern arises when the enemy gets access to the phone and reads unprotected messages beforehand.
In October 2005, researchers from Pennsylvania State University published a vulnerability analysis in a cellular network that has SMS capability. Researchers speculate that attackers might exploit the open functionality of this network to harass them or cause them to fail, perhaps on a national scale.
SMS spoofing
The GSM industry has identified a number of possible fraud attacks on mobile operators that can be sent through the abuse of SMS messaging services. The most serious threat is SMS Spoofing, which occurs when fraudsters manipulate address information to impersonate users who have been exploring foreign networks and send messages to home networks. Often, these messages are addressed to destinations outside the home network - with the SMSC home being essentially "hijacked" to send messages to other networks.
The only sure way to detect and block fake messages is to filter messages coming from incoming phones to verify that the sender is a valid customer and that the message is coming from a valid and valid location. This can be implemented by adding intelligent routing functions to the network that can request the customer details from the home location register (HLR) before the message is sent for delivery. Such smart routing functions are beyond the capabilities of legacy messaging infrastructure.
Limitations
In an effort to limit telemarketers who have taken to bombarding users with unsolicited message gangs, India introduced new rules in September 2011, including a limit of 3,000 SMS messages per subscriber per month, or an average of 100 per customer per day. Due to the representations received from some service providers and consumers, TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) has raised this limit to 200 SMS messages per SIM per day if there is a prepaid service, and up to 6,000 SMS messages per SIM per month in case of postpaid services with effect from November 1, 2011. However, it is held unconstitutional by the Delhi high court, but there are some limitations.
Flash SMS
SMS Flash is a type of SMS that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction and is not automatically stored in the inbox. This can be useful in emergencies, such as fire alarms or confidentiality cases, such as in providing a one-time password.
Silent SMS
In Germany in 2010 nearly half a million messages "silent SMS" sent by the federal police, customs and secret services "Verfassungsschutz" (office for constitutional protection). This silent message, also known as "silent TMS", "Stealth SMS", "ping stealth" or "Short Message Type 0", is used to search for someone and thus to create a complete motion profile. They do not appear on the screen, or trigger an acoustic signal when received. The main purpose is to provide special services from network operators to any mobile phone. Mobile providers, often under police orders, will capture data such as IMSI customer identification.
See also
References
External links
- 3GPP - Organizations that maintain SMS specifications.
- ISO Standard (In Zip file format)
- GSM 03.38 to Unicode - Official GSM
- BSG - Organizations worldwide that maintain SMS specifications.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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