Future air control is the guidance provision for closing air support aircraft (CAS) intended to ensure that their attacks are on the intended target and do not hurt friendly troops. This task is performed by forward air controller (FAC).
The main front air control functions ensure the security of friendly forces during close air support. The frontline enemy's target ("Forward Edge of the Battle Area" in US terminology) is often close to friendly troops and therefore friendly troops face the risk of friendly shots through proximity during air strikes. The danger is twofold: the bombing pilot can not identify the target clearly, and does not know the location of friendly troops. Camouflage, the constantly changing situation and the fog of war all increase the risks. The doctrine of today states that Forward Air Controllers (FAC) are not required for air bans, despite the use of FAC in the past.
The secondary concern of forward air controllers is the avoidance of hazards to non-combatants in the strike area.
Video Forward air control
Upaya dukungan darat awal
Even when close air support began during World War I, there was a pioneering effort to direct the trench strafe by ground forces marking their positions by placing signal panels on the ground, firing flares, or igniting smoke signals. Aircrews had difficulty communicating with ground troops; they will send a message or use a post pigeon. Benno Fiala von Fernbrugg, an Austro-Hungarian pilot, pioneered the use of radio for fire control; at the Battle of Gorlice he uses a radio transmitter on his plane to send changes through morse code to artillery batteries on the ground. Colonel Billy Mitchell also completed his Spad XVI commando with radio, and the Germans experimented with radio at Junkers J. all-metal structure, sesquiplanes armored plane.
Marines in so-called Banana wars of the 1920s and 1930s used Curtiss Falcons and Vought Corsairs equipped with radios powered by air-driven generators, with a range of up to 50 miles. Another method of communication is for pilots to send messages in weighted containers, and swoop down and pick up messages hanging by ground troops on the "clothesline" between the poles. The goal is air reconnaissance and air strikes. Using these various methods, Marine pilots combined the FAC and fighter functions, when they conducted their own air raids at the Sandinista in Nicaragua in 1927. The similarity of pilots and ground forces belonging to the same service led to the closure of the role of air support similar to that which is sought by the use of FAC, without the actual use of FAC. On October 27, 1927, a Marine patrol used a cloth panel to direct air strikes - arguably the first front air-control mission. The different United States Marines doctrine of the interaction between infantry and Navy flights will remain, repeated in the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
The French colonial operation in the Rif War of 1920-1926 used aerial powers similar to Marines in Nicaragua against the Sandinistas but in different environments, deserts. The French Cellular groups of weapons combined not only used aircraft for scout and air attacks; aircraft carrying trained artillery officers as observers. These air watchers are called in artillery fire through the radio.
The German military recorded close air support operations in the Spanish Civil War and decided to develop air-control capabilities going forward. In 1939, they put forward an air control team called the Land Attack Team attached to each base from the regimental level upwards. The team directs air strikes flown by air support units near the Luftwaffe. Extensive coordinated training by air and ground forces has stepped up this system to be sophisticated at the start of World War II.
When the Air Force of the United States Air Force (USAAF) was established on June 20, 1941, it included provisions for the Airborne Ground Control Party to serve with the United States Army in its divisions, corps, and Army headquarters. The Air Ground Control function serves to arrange bombs and artillery in close contact with ground troops, as well as to assess bomb damage. Therefore they are the first similar unit to try to fulfill the FAC function without air. However, these units are often beset by battles and complicated communications between soldiers and air forces involved. As a result, it takes hours for the air strikes requested by ground forces to actually emerge.
Maps Forward air control
World War II
However, forward air control during World War II emerged as a result of urgency, and was used in several World War II cinemas. His reincarnation in action is the result of the feasibility of the field rather than the planned operation.
At the Pacific Theater, 4 Australian Royal Air Force Squadrons began to direct air control at the Buna-Gona Battle, New Guinea in November 1942. The RAAF continued its forward air control in the Pacific for the rest of the war. In November 1943, US Marines used advanced air control during the Bougainville Battle.
Alongside the Allies at the European Theater, British troops in North Africa began using Forward Air Support Links, a "tentacle" system that used radio connections from front-line units to the rear that requested close air support from the next "cabin base" of on-call fighter-bomber. The requesting unit will direct the air strike. The US Army would not copy the British system until the Italian invasion, but adapted it for use there and in France after the D-Day Invasion of June 6, 1944.
The United States will end World War II still without air control doctrine. When the US Air Force was separated from the US Army in 1947, it took no responsibility to control the air forward; The US military did not have a working front air contour when the Korean War broke out.
Post World War II
British Commonwealth Operation
The United Kingdom and the Commonwealth continued to build on World War II experiences in campaigns around the world in the second half of the twentieth century, including the Malayan Emergency, Suez Crisis, Confrontation and Indonesian operations in Aden and Oman. With the re-establishment of the Air Force Corps in 1957 this new corps function includes air forward air control.
Korean War
Although the United States, as part of the United Nations Command (UNC) in the Korean War, entered the war on June 26, 1950 without forward air handlers, they quickly repaired close air support procedures for UNC forces. On July 20, jury systems not only controlled air strikes against communist enemies, but also sometimes directed air interception of the opposing plane. Both the top US commander and the North Korean General Nam Il agree that only the tactical air force that saves the United Nations forces from defeat during the war phase of the war moves.
When the frontline jammed into a static trench warfare in the summer of 1951, the forward air control diminished. To tackle communist changes to night operations, radar and shoran bombing techniques were developed. However, air support continues, and is sometimes used to direct interdiction missions against communist communications. At this time, Allied air forces contribute most of the tactical air strikes.
With the cessation of hostilities, air-forward air controllers were credited with flying 40,354 airborne forward attack raiders, and directing air strikes that killed about 184,808 communist troops. Sometimes, tactical air is credited with raising about half of all communist victims.
Despite agreeing to the common air-control doctrine as set forth in the Field Manual 31 - 35 Air-Ground Operation , grassroots wars over the doctrine raged between the US Air Force and the US Army for the whole war. In addition, the US Marine Corps maintained its own FAC operation during the war. In addition, aviation US Naval operators will not fully coordinate its operations with the Air Force/Army system until the last month of the war. With no general doctrine agreed upon during the war, the air-control system forward was closed postwar in 1956.
Vietnam War
Future air controls played a major role in the greatest bombing campaign in history during the Vietnam War. While World War II has been displaying massive air raids in major cities around the world, bombings during the Vietnam War aimed at smaller targets in a country the size of New Mexico. Unless bombs dropped in free fire zones, or on predetermined targets, bombings in Vietnam are directed by FAC. Also unlike World War II, serious efforts were made to avoid hitting civilians, who also called for FAC intervention.
Reinvention advanced air control
In 1961, when advanced air controls were revived, he immediately ran into unreliable recurring radio problems, supply shortages, lack of suitable aircraft, different concepts of close air support, and unfavorable terrain.
The first treatment requirement for FAC, collected in 1962, amounted to 32 slots in Vietnam. Even when the slots are slowly filled, the requirements prove to be inadequate. The 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron was then commissioned domestically in mid-1963 to add to the strength of the FAC. In January 1965, there were only 144 USAF FACs in Southeast Asia. While the US Air Force will continue to add more FAC, projecting the need for 831 FAC, and putting four more Tactical Air Support Squadron in Southeast Asia in April 1965, the maned level of the assigned FAC will run about 70% of the needs until December 1969 Branch- other branches of the US military also have FAC; The US Army has at least two FAC airlines, the US Marine Corps has an organic FAC squadron in their troops, and the US Navy establishes its own FAC squadron in the Mekong Delta. US involvement has begun with the South Vietnam FAC training program; then in the war, Laos and Hmong are also trained as FAC.
Technological developments
There were many technical innovations in air-forward operation during the Vietnam War. The United States came up with a number of ways to make their air-forward system more effective. In early 1962, FACs Douglas C-47 flareship started a mission of airborne control ahead in South Vietnam, mostly on night missions. In September 1965, another C-47 acted as the first Airborne Command and Control Center. Due to the addition of ABCCC aircraft added, they will continue to set air war in Southeast Asia.
In early 1966, the rise in anti-aircraft fire levels against propelled FAC aircraft required the use of FAC jets in high-risk areas of North Vietnam. The Fast FAC mission will complement the FAC mission in Southeast Asia until the end of the war.
In July 1966, FAC night operations began against the Ho Chi Minh Trail; A-26 Invaders started a double FAC/strike mission under the call mark "Nimrod". The US Air Force began Operation Shed Light as a test of night warfare lighting. In response to the increasing pressure of air strikes, the communists switched fully to night operations in Vietnam in 1968. C-123 Cargo plane provider used as a yacht to illuminate the Strip and direct airstrikes, under the sign of a "Candlestick" call, until the end of 1969. in the face of mounting opposition, the submarines will still serve elsewhere in the theater until June 30, 1971. In the same role, Lockheed AC-130 fighter, call the "Blindbat" mark, not only lights the Trail and directs air strikes, but using excessive weapons on enemy trucks. The combat ships carry both electronic sensors tied into Operation White Igloo and night-observation devices to find enemy trucks, as well as computerized fire control systems.
On November 1, 1968, President Lyndon Baines Johnson announced the cessation of the North Vietnamese bombing. With that action, the focus of competing forces became the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Because the US more than quadrupled the number of air strikes aimed at bans, the North Vietnamese anti-aircraft guns and gunners were diverted southwards into the Strip to match this new attack. Both sides realized that the supply of military needs that was moved south to the rebels would be crucial to the communist victory.
Around that time, FAC Raven began to support the guerrilla forces backed by Vang Pao in the Jars Plain in northern Laos with air raids serving as air artillery that blew clear paths for offensive attacks by partisans.
In the early 1970s, in an effort to improve the accuracy of the bombing, the USAF began using laser-guided weaponry.
Results
In May 1971, US Air Force intelligence concluded that air strikes had destroyed all North Vietnamese trucks on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. This is an incorrect conclusion, since trucks still crossed the Path until the communist victory in 1975.
After the war ended, the US Air Force concluded its air-control mission just after they followed World War II and Korea.
The Indo-Pakistan War
Major Atma Singh, from the Indian Army, flies HAL Krishak, playing an important part in close air support defenses against steep obstacles. The loss of Pakistan's weapons in December 1971 was one of the worst since the World War II armored clash. Major Singh won Maha Vir Chakra for his performance under heavy ground shots.
Portuguese Foreign War
During the Portuguese War Abroad, the Portuguese Air Force used mainly light aircraft Dornier Do 27 and OGMA/Auster D.5 in front air control roles, in several operational theaters: Angola, Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique.
Rhodesia
During the Wars of Rhodian Bush, the Rhodesia Air Force mounted FAC Airborne at Aermacchi AL60 B Trojans and Lynx planes.
South Africa
South Africa deploys both Airborne FAC (in AM.3CM Bosboks) and ground-based FACs during the Border War including the Battle of Cassinga.
Doctrine today
NATO
For NATO forces the qualifications and experience necessary to become FAC set out in the NATO Standards (STANAG). FAC may form part of the Fire Support Team or Tactical Air Controller, FAC may be land-based, FAC air in fixed wing aircraft (FAC-A) or in helicopters (ABFAC). Since 2003 the United States Armed Forces has used the term joint terminal attack controller (JTAC) for some of their ground FACs.
NATO makes efforts to improve safety and reduce the risk of killing airborne brother to ground operations. Cooperation between different NATO bodies such as the NATO Standardization Body and JAPCC resulted in the development of general standards for Forward Air Controllers and this is now specified in STANAG 3797 (Minimum Qualification for Forward Air Controllers). NATO FAC is trained to request, plan, briefly and perform CAS operations for both Low and Medium/High Level operations and their NATO FAC training including electronic warfare, enemy air defense oppression, enemy air defense, air command and control, attack methods and tactics and gun fighters.
British Armed Forces today
FAC in the UK is trained in the Joint Training Unit and Joint Air Sharing Standards (JFACTSU). Given its operational experience, FAC UK is now part of the Fire Support Team as well as TACP that can direct a wide range of fires. FAC is also provided by the Royal Marines (and Royal Marine Reserves) and some of the RAF Regiment's Tactical Air Control Parties. Army Air Corps also provides Airborne Forward Air Controllers.
United States Marine Corps
When placed in operation every USMC infantry company is allocated FAC or JTAC. Such assignments (designated as "B-Billet") are awarded to marine airmen because they know best about air support and the doctrine of air superiority.
Afghan National Army
The Afghan National Army (ANA) is currently relying on coalition partners to upgrade and retain FAC and Joint Fires Officer (JFO) capabilities. The capabilities of the ANA, known as the Afghan Tactical Air Coordinator maintain the similarity of skills with JFO. JFO Australia has pioneered this capability in ANA.
See also
- Naval Air-Rider Company
- Artillery observers
- The Fire Support Team
- RAAF Air Control Unit
- The controller of the shared terminal attack
- Tactical Air Control
- United States Air Force Combat Team
Note
References
- Song, Christopher (2002). Austro-Hungarian aces of World War 1 Christopher Chant. Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBNÃ, 1-84176-376-4, ISBNÃ, 978-1-84176-376-7.
- Churchill, Jan (1997). Hit My Smoke!: Forward Air Controllers in Southeast Asia . Sunflower University Press. ISBN 0-89745-215-1, 978-0-89745-215-1.
- Cossey, Bob (2009). Up and Up: The Life of Air Vice Marshal John Howe CB, CBE, AFC. Pen and Sword. ISBNs 1-84415-820-9, 978-1-84415-820-1.
- Dorr, Robert F., and Warren Thompson (2003). Korean Air War. Robert F. Dorr, Warren Thompson. Zenith Imprint, 2003. ISBN 0-7603-1511-6, 978-0-7603-1511-8.
- Dunnigan, James F. and Albert A. Nofi (2000). Little Secret of the Vietnam War: Military Information You Do not Need to Know. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-25282-X, 9780312252823.
- Futrell, Robert F. (1961). United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953 . Air Force History and Museum Program of 2000 reprinted the original Duel, Sloan and Pearce editions. ISBNs 0160488796, 978-0160488795.
- Gooderson, Ian (1998). Air Force at Battlefront: Close Allied Air Support in Europe 1943-45 (Study on Air Power) . Routledge. ISBN: 0714642118, 978-0714642116.
- Hallion, Richard (1989). Strike from Sky: History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1911-1945. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-452-0, 978-0-87474-452-1.
- Hooper, Jim (2009). A Hundred Feet Over Hell: Fly With The Men of the 220th Recon Aircraft Company More Than I Corps and DMZ, Vietnam 1968-1969. Jim Hooper. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-7603-3633-4, 978-0-7603-3633-5.
- Lester, Gary Robert (1987). Mosquito to Wolves: Evolution of Air Forward Controller . Air University Press. ISBNs 1-58566-033-7, 978-1-58566-033-9.
- Nalty, Bernard C. (2005). War Against Trucks: Air Interdiction in South Laos 1968-1972 . Air Force and Museum Programs, United States Air Force. ISBN: 9781477550076.
- Norval, Morgan (1990). Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy . Selous Foundation Press. ISBN: 0944273033, 978-0944273036.
- Schlight, John (2003). Assistance from Above: Air Force Close Army Air Support 1946-1973 . Air Force Program and History Museum. ISBN 178039442X, 978-1780394428.
- Shepperd, Don (2002). Misty, First Person Stories of the F-100 Fast FAC Misty in the Vietnam War. First Book Library. ISBNÃ, 0-7596-5254-6.
- Stringer, Kevin Douglas and John Adams Wickham (2006). Military Organizations for Domestic Defense and Small-Scale Contingencies: A Comparative Approach . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBNs 0275993086, 9780275993085.
External links
- [11] - Joint Publication 3-09.3 Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Near Air Support (CAS)
- He Running the Air For Pebbles , Michael Amrine 1951 Popular Science article on FAC Korean War
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments