KÃÆ'¶nig class is a group of four warships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine on the night of World War I. The class consists of KÃÆ'Â ¶nig , Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst , Markgraf , and Kronprinz . The most powerful warship of the High German Sea Fleet during the outbreak of war in 1914, the class was operated as a unit throughout World War I - Division V of the Combat Squadron III. The ships participated in a number of fleet operations during the war, including the Battle of Jutland, where they served as the vanguard of the German line. They survived the war and were interned in the Scapa Flow in November 1918. The four ships were drowned on June 21, 1919 when Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered the sinking of the entire High Sea Fleet.
The KÃÆ'¶nig s is an improvement from the previous Kaiser class ; one of the major changes is in the disposition of the main weapon battery. The Kaiser - class of ships mounted ten 30.5 cm (12 inch) SK L/50 weapons in five twin towers; one turret mounted forward, two sterns in a superfiring setting, and the other two as wing turrets in a zig-zag "echelon" configuration in the middle of the ship. For class KÃÆ'¶nig , the use of the main wing-tower is abandoned. In contrast, the second turret is moved forward and placed in a superfiring setting, and a single rear-facing turret is mounted in the center of the ship's centerline; with traverse allow for broadsides but not forward-fire. Two superfiring stern towers remain. This allows for a wider fire angle on the wide side, as all 10 weapons can shoot in a large arc. It, however, reduces the ship's advanced-ship abilities; of six weapons with only a limited traverse on two wing towers, to four weapons with full traverse.
Video König-class battleship
Design
The KÃÆ'¶nig warship was authorized under the Second Amendment to the Law of the Sea, which was ratified in 1908 in response to a revolution in naval technology made with the launch of the HMS English Dreadnought in 1906. Dreadnoughts are significantly larger - and thus more expensive - than the old pre-dreadnought warships. As a result, the funds that had been adjusted for the Navy in 1906 would be used before being scheduled to be replenished in 1911. Along with the additional funds guaranteed in the 1908 bill, the service life of all major warships was reduced from 25 years to 20 years; this was done in an effort to force the Reichstag to allocate more funds for additional vessels. In an attempt to force the Reichstag to pass the bill, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz threatened to resign from his post as Secretary of State for the Navy. As a result of von Tirpitz's ultimatum, the bill was passed in March 1908 by a large margin.
Reductions in service life necessitated the replacement of the coastal defense vessels of the Siegfried and Oldenburg classes as well as the Brandenburg battleship. In the case of the First Amendment to the Navy Act of 1906, von Tirpitz had requested but failed to secure funding for a new warship; they are now approved by the Reichstag. The Navy law also raises the naval budget by an additional 1 billion mark. After four sachsen -class ironclads has been replaced by four Nassau , and six Siegfried -class class has been replaced by Helgoland and Kaiser class, the next vessel to be replaced is the old Brandenburg battleship. KÃÆ'¶nig and his three sisters were ordered under the provisional name of S , Ersatz KurfÃÆ'¼rst Friedrich Wilhelm , Ersatz Weissenburg , and Ersatz Brandenburg .
General characteristics
The KÃÆ'¶nig -ships are 174.7 m long in the waterline, and the overall length is 175.4 m. With a 29.5 m beam, the front design of 9,19 m and 9.0m rear drum, Kj is designed to replace 25,796 normal metric ton,. The hull is built with a transverse and longitudinal steel frame, where the outer gastric plate is fixated. The ship's hulls each contain 18 watertight compartments, each equipped with a double bottom that ran for 88% of the length of the hull.
German naval historian Erich GrÃÆ'¶ner, in his book German Warship 1815-1945 , states that the German navy regarded the ships as "excellent ships." They suffered a slight loss of velocity in large waves, and with a hard drive on top, the ships lost up to 66% and heeled more than 8 degrees. The battleship has a metallentric height across from 2.59 m. KÃÆ'¶nig , Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst , Markgraf , and Kronprinz each have a standard crew of 41 officers and 1095 enlisted man; KÃÆ'¶nig , the flagship of the 3rd Squadron, has an additional 14 crew of officers and 68 other seafarers. The ships were carrying several smaller boats, including a picket boat, three barges, two launches, two yawls, and two dinghies.
Propulsion
Originally intended that the battleship KÃÆ'¶nig will be powered by two sets of turbines on the outer shaft, while the central axle will use a MAN 2-stroke MAN 6 cylinder MAN generating 12,000 shp at 150 rpm. The development of the diesel was protracted, however, and then decided that diesel would be installed only at Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst and Markgraf . In the end, the diesel was never installed in one of the KÃÆ'¶nig-class warships. They are also equipped with three sets of Parsons ( KÃÆ'¶nig and Kronprinz ), AEG-Vulcan ( Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst ), or Bergmann ( Markgraf ) turbine drives three-blade screws with a diameter of 3.8 m. Steam is supplied by three oil-fired boilers and 12 Schulz-Thornycroft coal-fired boilers operating up to 16 atmospheric pressure.
The power plant is rated at 30,576 horsepower shafts (22,801 kW). In the trial, the vessel was produced between 40,834-45,568 shp (30,450-33,980 kW). The highest speed designed is 21 knots (39 km/h, 24 mph). The ships have a designed range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km, 9200 mi) at a cruising speed of 12 knots, which decreases to 4,000 nautical miles at 18 knots. Maximum bunkerage is 3,000 tons of coal and 600 tons of oil. Each ship has two rudders. Electric power is supplied by four turbo generators and a pair of diesel generators; total electrical output is 2,040 kilowatts at 225 volts.
Armament
The KÃÆ'¶nig s is armed with a main battery of ten 30.5 cm (12.0 inch) SK L/50 weapons in five twin towers. Two turrets are mounted forward from the main superstructure in the superfiring pair, the third placed in the midline between the two mouthpieces in the middle of the ship, and the fourth and fifth turrets are also arranged in superfiring pairs, behind the rear convoy tower. Each turret rifle has a workspace beneath which is connected to a rotating ammo hoist that leads to the magazine underneath. Turret is electrically controlled, although the rifle is raised hydraulically. In an effort to reduce the possibility of fire, everything inside the turret is built of steel. The midline arrangement is an improvement from the previous Kaiser class, as all ten weapons can shoot in wide arcs on the wide side, and four rifles can shoot straight ahead, compared to just two on Kaiser . The weapons were supplied with 900 bullets, or 90 bullets per shotgun. The 30.5 cm pistol has a fire rate between 2-3 405.5 kilograms (894 pounds) of armor piercing shells per minute, and is expected to shoot 200 shells before replacement is required. The rifle is also capable of firing explosive bullets 405.9 kg (894.8 pounds). Both types of shells are loaded with two propellant charges: RP C/12 main charge in a brass cartridge weighing 91 kg (201 pounds) and RP C/12 load into a silk bag weighing 34.5 kg (Â £ 76). It provides a muzzle speed of 855 meters per second (2,805 feet/s). Turret at KÃÆ'¶nig -the class of warships initially allows elevation up to 13.5 degrees; this allows a maximum range of 16,200 m (17,700 y). After modification, the elevation is increased to 16 degrees, which in itself increases the range of the weapon to 20,400 m (22,300 y).
The secondary armament consists of fourteen 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 quick weapons, each installed in MPL C/06.11 casemates on the upper deck side. This weapon is intended for defense against torpedo boats, and is supplied with a total of 2,240 shells. These weapons can reach targets up to 13,500 m, and after repairs in 1915, their range is extended to 16,800 m. The rifle has a firing rate that lasts from 5 to 7 revolutions per minute. The shell was 45.3 kg (99.8 pounds), and loaded with a 13.7 kg (31.2 pound) RPC/12 propellant charge in a brass cartridge. It provides a muzzle velocity of 835 meters per second (2.740 ft/s). The service life is estimated to be about 1,400 bullets fired before the weapons need to be replaced.
The KÃÆ'¶nig also carries six 8.8 centimeters (3.5 inches) of the SK L/45 quick shotgun, mounted in casemata. The six weapons lie on both sides of the convoy tower forward and everything is directed forward. These weapons are supplied with a total of 3,200 bullets, or 200 bullets per shotgun, and can shoot at 15 bullets per minute. The high explosive shell is fired with a 10 kg (22.05 pound) gun and is loaded with a 3 kg (6.6 lb) RPC/12 propellant. This weapon has a life expectancy of about 7,000 rounds. It was later removed and replaced with four 8.8 cm SK L/45 anti-aircraft weapons, mounted on either side of the rear conning tower.
As usual dreadnought capital vessels, ships were armed with five 50Ã,® (20Ã, in) submerged torpedo tubes. One is mounted on the bow, the other four are placed on the wide side, two on each side of the ship. The tubes are equipped with 16 torpedoes. Torpedo is G7 type; they are 7.02 m (23 ft) long and armed with explosive warheads of 195 kg kg (430 lb). At 37 knots, the torpedo has a range of 4,000 m (4,370 yd); at 27 knots range more than doubled, being 9,300 m (10,170 meters).
Armor
KÃÆ'¶nig class ships are protected by Krupp steel armors, such as German warships standards in that period. They have a 350 mm (14 inches) thick armor belt in the ship's central forts, where the most important part of the ship is located. These include magazine ammunition and engine room. Belts are reduced in less critical areas, to 180 mm (7.1 in) forward and 120 mm (4.7 inches) in the rear. Bows and sterns are not protected by armor at all. A 40 mm (1.6 in) torpedo bulkhead ran along the hull, a few feet behind the main belt. The main armored deck is 60 mm (2.4 inches) in most places, although the thickness of the part covering the more important areas of the vessel increases to 100 mm (3.9 inches).
The front convoy tower is protected by heavy armor: its sides are 300 mm (12 inches) thick and the roof is as thick as 150 mm (5.9 inches). The rear link tower lacks good armor; the sides are only 200 mm thick (7.9 inches) and the roof is covered with a 50 mm (2.0 inches) protective plate. Turret main battery guns also have many armor: the sides of the turret has a thickness of 300 mm and the roof is as thick as 110 mm (4.3 inches). The capped 15Ã, cm rifle has a 170 mm (6.7 inch) armored protector inside the casemata; The weapon itself has an 80-mm (3.1 inch) shield to protect their crew from shell fragments.
Maps König-class battleship
Construction
KÃÆ'¶nig , the ship's class name, was built at the Imperial Shipyard in Wilhelmshaven, under construction number 33. He was established in 1911, launched on March 1, 1913, and assigned to the fleet on 9 August 1914. > Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst is a second class ship. He was built at the Vulcan AG dockyard in Hamburg, under construction number 4. He was also designated in 1911; it was launched on May 5, 1913, and was commissioned before KÃÆ'¶nig on July 30, 1914. Markgraf was built at the Weser AG dock in Bremen, under the construction number 186. He was laid on 1911, was launched on June 4, 1913, and was commissioned on October 1, 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I. Kronprinz , the final ship of that class, was placed at Galangan Germaniawerft in Kiel in 1912. He was launched at February 21, 1914 and assigned just under 9 months later on November 8th.
Ship
Service history
The first major operation of the war in which the participating KÃÆ'¶nig class vessels participated was the attacks in Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 15-16 December 1914. The attack was mainly perpetrated by the battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group. KÃÆ'¶nig class ships , along with Nassau's , Helgoland , and Kaiser classes, are steamed within a reasonable distance far. support battlecruisers Franz von Hipper. Friedrich von Ingenohl, commander of the High Sea Fleet, decided to take over the station roughly in the center of the North Sea, about 130 miles east of Scarborough.
The Royal Navy, which recently received the German code book taken from the coastal explorers of Magdeburg, realized that the operation was in progress, but was not sure where Germany would attack. Admiralty therefore ordered the Battlecruiser Squadron David Beatty, six warships from the 2nd Battle Squadron, and a number of cruisers and destroyers to try to intercept the German war forces. However, Beatty's duty troops almost ran quickly across the High Sea Fleet. At 6:20 pm, the Beatty destroyer's screen came into contact with the German torpedo ship V155 . It started a confusing two-hour battle between British destroyers and German cruiser and destroyer screens, often at very close distances. At the first meeting, the KÃÆ'¶nig class of warship was less than 10 miles away from six British warships; this is well within range of firing, but in the dark, neither the British and German admirals are unaware of the composition of their opponents. Admiral Ingenohl, hates to disobey Kaiser's orders not to risk the battle without his consent, concludes that his troops are involved displaying the entire Grand Fleet, and 10 minutes after the first contact, he orders a turn to port to the south-east course. The subsequent attack delayed the turn, but at 6:42 pm, it was done. For about 40 minutes, both fleets billow on a parallel path. At 7:20, Ingenohl ordered a further shift to the port, which put his ship on track for German waters.
Yarmouth and Lowestoft bombing
The KÃÆ'¶nig class ships took part in another attack on the coast of England, again as support for German battlecruiser forces in Group I Scouts. The battlecruisers left Muara Jade at 10:55 on 24 April 1916, and the rest of the High Seas Fleet followed at 13:40. Battlecruiser Seydlitz crashed into a mine while on the way to the target, and had to retreat. The other battlecruisers bombarded the town of Lowestoft largely without incident, but during the approach to Yarmouth, they met with British cruisers from Harwich Force. Short artillery duel took place before Harwich Force resigned. British submarine reports in the area prompted the withdrawal of Group I Scouts. At this point, Admiral Reinhard Scheer, who had been warned about the Great Fleet attack from his base in the Scapa Flow, also resigned to safer German waters.
Battle of Jutland
The four ships took part in the sortie fleet that produced the Jutland battle on May 31-June 1, 1916. The re-operation attempted to attract and isolate some of the Great Fleet and destroy it before the British main fleet could retaliate. KÃÆ'¶nig , Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst , Markgraf , and Kronprinz form the Division V of the Combat Squadron III, and they are vanguard of the fleet. The Battle Squadron III is the first of three units of warships; directly there is the Kaiser battleship of the Division VI, III Battle Squadron. Astern of the Kaiser class ship is Helgoland and Nassau class of the Combat Squadron II; behind the guard is a parent of Deutschland pre-killing of the Battle Squadron I.
Shortly before 16:00 CET, the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group meet with the British Battlecruiser Squadron, under the command of David Beatty. The opposing ships begin an artillery duel that sees the destruction of Indefatigable , shortly after 17:00, and Queen Mary , less than half an hour later. At this time, German fighters are sailing south to pull British ships toward the main body of the High Sea Fleet. At 5:30 pm, KÃÆ'¶nig , a leading German warship, saw both the first Battlecruiser Scout Group and the Battlecruiser Squadron approaching. The German warship was steaming to the right, while British ships were steamed to the harbor. At 5:45 pm, Scheer ordered a two-point turn to the harbor to bring his ship closer to the British warship, and one minute later at 5:46 pm, an order to open fire was given.
KÃÆ'¶nig , Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst , and Markgraf were the first to achieve effective cannon coverage; they involve the battlecruisers of the Lion, Princess Royal, and Tiger, respectively, in the 21,000 yard range. KÃÆ'¶nig 'The first Salvo fell far short of his target, and so he redirected his fire to the nearest British ship, Tiger . At the same time, the KÃÆ'¶nig class of warship began firing destroyers Nestor and Nicator . Both destroyers close down on the German line and, after experiencing gunfire, maneuver into a good firing position. Each vessel launches two torpedoes each at KÃÆ'¶nig and Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst , even though all four weapons are missing. In return, a secondary battery shell from one of the warships hit Nestor and damaged its engine room. The ship, along with the destroyer Nomad , was paralyzed and lying right in the path of a progressive German line. Both destroyers were drowning, but the German torpedo boat stopped to pick up the survivors. At about 18:00, four KÃÆ'¶nig s diverted their fire to Queen Elizabeth's battleship from the V Battle Squadron, although the shooting took only a short time before the range widened too far.
Shortly after 19:00, the German cruiser Wiesbaden was disabled by a shell of Invincible ; Behind Admiral Behncke at KÃÆ'¶nig is trying to maneuver his ships to cover the attacked cruisers. Simultaneously, the British Light Cruiser III and IV Squadrons started a torpedo attack on the German line; while progressing to the torpedo range, they arrested Wiesbaden with fire from their main weapon. The KÃÆ'¶nig s was shooting at British cruisers, but even the ongoing fire from Germany's main weapons failed to drive out British cruisers. In the next short distance, the British armored explorers Defense were struck by some heavy-caliber shells from German dreadnoughts. One salvo pierced the ship's ammunition magazine and, in a big explosion, destroyed the cruiser.
As the German fleet returns to the Jade estuary, Nassau battles Nassau, Westfalen and Posen, and > Helgoland - Helgoland and ThÃÆ'¼ringen warships take the guard duty on the outer highway. The Kaiser Kaiser, Kaiserin, and Prinzregent Luitpold took the defensive position outside Wilhelmshaven's key. Four KÃÆ'¶nig class vessels, along with other capital vessels - those still in combat conditions - have their stock of fuel and ammunition recharged in the deep harbor.
Fleet advance 18-19 August
During the advanced fleet on August 18-19, the Scout Group I was to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland in an attempt to pull out and destroy Beatty's battlecruisers. Like Moltke and Von der Tann are the only two German battlecruisers still in combat conditions in the Group, three dreadnoughts are assigned to the unit for operations: Markgraf , Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst , and the newly assigned Bayern . Admiral Scheer and the rest of the High Sea Fleet, with 15 dreadnoughts of its own, will catch up and provide protection. The British were aware of German plans and sorting the Great Fleet to meet them. At 14:35, Scheer has been warned about the Grand Fleet approach and, unwilling to involve the entire Grand Fleet just 11 weeks after a clear close call in Jutland, turns his troop around and retreats to the German port. Albion Operation
In early September 1917, after the German conquest of the Riga port in Russia, the German navy decided to expel the Russian navy forces still controlling the Gulf of Riga. For this purpose, the Admiralstab (Naval High Command) is planning operations to seize Baltic islands ÃÆ'â € "cells, especially Russian arms batteries on the Sworbe peninsula. On September 18, an order was issued for a joint Navy-Navy operation to capture the ÃÆ'-cell and Moon Island; the main naval component is to form aircraft carriers, Moltke , along with the III War Squadron of the High Sea Fleet. Division V includes four KÃÆ'¶nig , and is currently added with the new battleship Bayern . Division VI consists of five warships Kaiser . Together with nine light cruisers, three torpedo flotillas, and dozens of mine warships, the entire force numbered about 300 ships, and supported by more than 100 aircraft and six zeppelins. The invasion forces numbered about 24,600 officers and enlisted. Defying Germany is the old pre-dreadnoughts of Russia Slava and Tsesarevich , armored cruisers Bayan , Admiral Makarov , and Diana , 26 destroyers, and several torpedo boats and battleships. Garrison in ÃÆ'-cell numbered about 14,000 people.
The operation began on October 12, when Moltke , Bayern , and KÃÆ'¶nig s started firing on Russian beach batteries at Tagga Bay. Simultaneously, Kaiser s uses batteries on the Sworbe peninsula; the goal is to secure the channel between Moon and DagÃÆ'Â pulau islands, which will block the only escape routes of Russian ships in the Gulf. Both Grosser KurfÃÆ'¼rst and Bayern hit the mines while maneuvering to their bombardment positions; damage to the former was minimal, but Bayern was severely injured; ship must be pulled to Kiel for repair.
On October 16, it was decided to release a portion of the invasion fleet to clean up Russia's naval power in Moon Sound; this includes two Russian pre-dreadnoughts. For this purpose, KÃÆ'¶nig and Kronprinz , along with the Strassburg and Kolberg cruisers and a smaller number ships were sent to engage with Russian warships. They arrived on the morning of October 17, but a Russian mine was holding the ships for a while. The rough shock came to Germany, when they discovered that a 30.5 cm weapon from a Russian warship surpassed their own 30.5 cm weapon. Russian ships managed to keep the distance wide enough to prevent German warships from being able to return fire while still firing effectively on German ships - at some point the Germans had to take evasive maneuvers to avoid the Russian shells. However, at 10:00, the minesweepers have cleared the way through the minefield, and KÃÆ'¶nig and Kronprinz ran to the bay; two large dreadnoughts engage Russian warships, KÃÆ'¶nig duel with Slava and Kronprinz shoot both Slava and cruisers Parrot . Russian ships were hit dozens of times, until 10.30am Russian naval commander Admiral Bakhirev ordered their withdrawal. Slava has taken too much damage, and can not make her run away well; instead, he was drowned and his crew evacuated with a destroyer.
On October 20, the naval operations effectively ended; Russian ships have been destroyed or forced to retreat, and the German army holds their aims. On October 29, however, Markgraf struck a mine during a German withdrawal from the Gulf of Riga.
Fate
After the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Sea Fleet, under the command of Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, was interned at the British naval base in Scapa Flow. The fleet remained in captivity during negotiations which eventually resulted in the Versailles Treaty. It became clear to Reuter that the British intended to seize the German ships on June 21, which is the deadline for Germany to sign a peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended until the 23rd, Reuter ordered his ship to sink. On the morning of June 21, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct a training maneuver; at 11:20 Reuter sends orders to his ship.
Sumber daring
- DiGiulian, Tony (28 Desember 2008). "Jerman 30,5 cm/50 (12") SK L/50 ". NavWeaps.com . Diperoleh 17 Juli 2009 .
- DiGiulian, Tony (6 Juli 2007). "Jerman 15 cm/45 (5,9") SK L/45 ". NavWeaps.com . Diperoleh 29 Juni 2009 .
- DiGiulian, Tony (16 April 2009). "Jerman 8,8 cm/45 (3,46") SK L/45, 8,8 cm/45 (3,46 ") Tbts KL/45, 8,8 cm/45 (3,46") Flak L/45 ". NavWeaps.com . Diperoleh 29 Juni 2009 . Â
- DiGiulian, Tony (21 April 2007). "Jerman Torpedoes Pra-Perang Dunia II". NavWeaps.com . Diperoleh 17 Juli 2009 .
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